VOA慢速英语:Coming to Terms With Academic Titles at US Colleges

1.Not everyone who teaches in a college or university is a professor. Many are instructors or lecturers. In fact, not even all professors are full professors. Many of them are assistant or associate professors or adjunct professors.

Not everyone部分否定

英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：

一、 all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如：

Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。

Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。

二、 both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) "并非两个……都……" 例如：

I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。

Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。

三、 every…的否定式："不是每……都……" 例如：

Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。

Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。

This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。

四、 always的否定式："并非总是（并非一直）……" 例如：

He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。

五、 entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式："不完全……"，"并非完全……" 例如：

The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。

What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。

六、 all the time 的否定式："并非一直……"、"未必老是……" 例如：

A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。

七、 not…and…的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如：

He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。

2.They advise students. And they carry out research. They also serve on committees and take part in other activities.

serve on在…任职

例句：I've been asked to serve on yet another committee, and I really don't have the time.
      我被邀请担任另一个委员会的委员, 可是我确实没有时间。

take part in参加…, 参与…活动

例句：John takes part in many school activities.
      约翰参加很多学校里的活动。

      Joe took an active part in the struggle.
      乔积极参加斗争。

3.An associate professor may later be appointed a full professor.

late, later, latter, latest与 lately

late adj. & adv. 迟，迟的，晚的。
She is never late for school.
It was late autumn and the weather was a little cold.
He came to work in a small factory in the south in the late 1990’s.
 
记住以下几个固定搭配：

in the late afternoon                  傍晚，在下午较晚的时候
in the late 1990’s / 1990s             在二十世纪九十年代末
work late /far/deep into the night      工作至深夜
late in autumn                           深秋
 
later adj. & adv. 为late比较级，意指较迟，较晚一些。
He promised to call me later.
If you work hard, your dream will come true sooner or later.
 
记住以下几个固定搭配：

sooner or later       迟早
no later than        不迟于
later on            以后，后来
 
latter    adj.指（两者中）“后者的”，“后者”，反义词是former“前者”。
The child will go to school in the latter part of the year.
 
latest   adj. & adv. 为late的最高级。意思是“最新”，“最近”，“最迟”。如：
Have you heard of the latest news?
 
lately  adv. (=recently) “最近”，“近来”，常用于现在完成时，如：
Have you met him lately?