新概念第二册自学导读 Lessons38

语法 Grammar in use

过去完成时

在第14课的语法中，我们学习了过去完成时的构成和基本用法。它经常与一般过去时连用，表示在过去某个动作发生前完成的动作：

When I arrived, Jane had left.

我到时，简已经走了。（走发生在我到达之前）

与过去完成时连用的表示时间的词或词组有when, after, as

soon as, (not) until, by that time, (never) before, already, for, since, just等，
另外它还常与连词no sooner…than和 hardly…when连用。（cf．词汇学习）过去完成时不能与副词ago 连用（ago只能与一般过去时连用）：

He hadn't finished it by yesterday evening.

到昨天晚上他还没做完。

词汇学习 Word study

1．no sooner…than与 hardly…when

这两组连词意义都与 as soon as相近，但都比 as soon as正式。

它们通常都与过去完成时连用。当 no sooner和 hardly位于句
首时，后面的主谓结构都要颠倒顺序，即句子变为 no sooner/hardly+助动词+主语+动词形式的语序：

He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.

他刚一回来便买下了一幢房子住了进去。

No sooner had he returned than he bought a house and went to live there.

（译文同上）

No sooner had he begun speaking than he was interrupted.

他刚一开始讲话就被打断了。

He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.

他还没等安顿下来就卖掉了房子，离开了这个国家。

Hardly had he had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.

（译文同上）

Hardly had he got into the bus when it began moving.

他刚刚登上那辆公共汽车它就开了。

no sooner…than与 hardly…when 都是固定词组， than与when不可混用。

2．country与 countryside

country的意义比较广，它可以有“国家”、“祖国”或“乡下”等多种含义：

He had planned to settle down in the country.

他原计划在乡下定居。

He sold the house and left the country.

他卖掉房子，离开了这个国家。

country 作“乡下”讲时，
通常与the连用，作“国家”
讲时则不一
定：

We are going to spend the weekend in the country.

我们打算去乡下过这个周末。

Which country do you come from?

你来自哪个国家？

countryside主要指“农村地区”、“乡下”：

I grew up in the countryside.

我在农村长大。

3．continuously与 continually

这两个副词都与动词 continue（继续，持续）有关。它们的区别在于continuously （不断地，连续地）指动作中间没有间断，而continually （频繁地，反复地）则指动作中间有间断但又持续很久：

It rained continually.

天总是/频繁地下雨。（有间断）

This plane can fly continuously for twenty hours.

这架飞机可以连续飞行20小时。（中间没有间断）

Why does he come here continually?

他为什么老是到这里来？

You mustn't watch TV for such a long time continuously.

你不能这么长时间连续地看电视。

练习答案 Key to written exercises

1．关键句型练习答案

A What happened: returned(1.2); bought( 1.4); went(1.4); began(1.5); rained(1.6); go (1.7); acted(1.8); was…could bear(1.9); sold…left(1.9); ended(1.10)

What had happened: had lived (1.1); had often dreamed (1.2); had planned(1.3); had no sooner returned(1.4); had never lived (1.8); had hardly had(1.9); had had (1.10); had thought (1.10)

2．难点练习答案

A 1 I had no sooner left the house than it began to rain.

2 We had no sooner hung the picture on the wall than it fell down.

B 1 continuously  2 continually  3 country

3．多项选择题答案

1 b  2c  3a  4a  5c  6b

7 d  8 d  9 b  10 a  11d  12 d