新概念第二册自学导读 Lessons62

语法 Grammar in use

1．过去完成进行时 (The past perfect progressive tense)构成： had been+现在分词

（1）过去完成进行时用于强调某动作在过去更早的某一段时间内一直在进行，并对过去某一时刻产生结果。与它经常连用的表示时间的词有before, for, since, all day等：

She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.

她很累了。她整天都在打信件。

（2）过去完成进行时可用来表示过去经常重复的动作：Jill was angry. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week.

吉尔生气了。整整一星期，吉姆天天晚上都给她打电话。

（3）它还可以表示根据直接或间接的证据而得出结论：Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.她的眼睛红了。显然她刚哭过。

（4）在包含间接引语的句子中，如果引述词是过去时态，则现在完成进行时要改为过去完成进行时（cf．第15课语法）：

2．过去完成进行时与过去完成时的比较

过去完成时在第14课与第38课的语法中已经学过。它与过去完成进行时有时可以替换使用：

Dan had worked/had been working for the firm for fifteen years when I first met him.

我第一次遇见丹时，他已在该公司干了15年了。

需要表示某个工作已经完成时，只能用过去完成时：

When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room.

我回到家时，看见吉尔在粉刷她的房间。（工作尚未完成）

When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room.

我回到家时，发现吉尔已经粉刷过她的房间了。（已完成）

When I arrived, they'd already put the fire out.

我到达时，他们已经把火扑灭了。（不可用过去完成进行时）

词汇学习 Word study

1．control与check

（1）control (vt.) 表示“指挥”、“控制”、“支配”、“管理”等：The Bentons control this firm.

本顿一家控制着这家公司。

Don't try to control other people.

不要试图指挥/控制他人。

control(n.)表示“控制（能力）”、“支配（能力）”等：

They finally got the fire under control.

他们最终控制住了火势。

It's hard to keep the number of people coming into the country under control.

很难控制住进入这个国家的人数。

（2）check(vt.)表示“检查”、“查看”：

They're going to check our passports.

他们将要查看我们的护照。

Check the fire before you leave.

离开之前检查一下火。

2．great与big

它们都有“大”的意思，但great通常与重要性有关，表示“伟大的”、“重大的”、“重要的”等含义，big则较为口语化，表示体积、规模等方面的“大”：

Frank has just made a great decision.

弗兰克刚作出一项重大决定。

This picture is said to be painted by a great painter.

据说这幅画是一位伟大的画家画的。（不可用big）

Sam is a big man.

萨姆是个大块头。

Your house is bigger than mine.

你家的房子比我家的大。（不可用great）

3．soil与ground

soil主要用于指“土”、“土地”、“土壤”：

Heavy rain will wash away the soil from desolate hills.

大雨将把泥土从荒凉的山丘上冲走。

Trees and grass grow quickly in rich soil.

草木在肥沃的土壤里生长迅速。

ground含义较广。它除了可以表示“土地”、“土壤”外，还可以表示“地面”、“场地”等：

Don't sit on the ground.

不要坐在地上。

He threw the cup to the ground.

他把杯子摔到地上。

There is a football ground in our university.

我们大学里有一个足球场。

练习答案 Key to written exercises

1．关键句型练习答案

A What had happened: had covered (1.  3); had…been put out (11.7-8); had already taken not (11.10-11); had begun(1.12)

What had been happening: had been fighting (1. 1); had been planting (11.9-10); had been growing (1.11)

C (had) discovered…appeared; had taken part…died; happened… claimed… had died; had been searching… was/had been found

2．难点练习答案

1 checked  2 soil  3 checked  4 great

3．多项选择题答案

1 a  2 d  3 d  4 c  5 d  6 c

7 c  8 b  9 d  10 a  11 d  12 b