简谈非谓语动词的时态和语态

简谈非谓语动词的时态和语态

一、非谓语动词的时态

一般说来，如果非谓语动词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，就用不定式的一般式；如果与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行，我们就用现在分词的一般式或不定式的进行式；如果在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，就用现在分词、不定式或动名词的完成式（特殊情况下，也可用动名词的一般式）。如：

He told me to clean the blackboard. 他叫我擦黑板。

When I came in, he pretended to be reading. 我进来时，他假装在看书。

He sat there, playing games. 他坐在那里玩游戏。

He seems to have studied English before. 他好像以前在英国读过书。

Having been there many times, she knows the place quite well. 由于他去过那里几次了，她非常熟悉那个地方。

I’m sorry for having kept her waiting. 对不起让你久等了。

注：不定式完成式还可以表示过去没有实现的打算或愿望。如：

  I intended to have come to see you, but I was too busy then. 我本打算来看你的，可我当时太忙了。

I was to have started work last week, but I caught a bad cold. 我本来打算上星期就开始工作的，可我患了重感冒。

二、非谓语动词的语态

当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动关系，用主动式；是被动关系，用被动式。

The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天举行的会议非常重要。

The house being built there will be our new library. 那边在建的房子将是我们的新图书馆。

Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 已经要求我留下来，所以我就不好离开了。

注意，过去分词没有被动语态。