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详解动词不定式的五种“式”

2017-02-19来源:和谐英语

详解动词不定式的五种“式”

不定式根据其发生的时间不同以及所处的状语的不同,可以有一般式、完成式、进行式、完成进行式,同时根据它与逻辑主语的关系的不同,可以有主动式和被动式。如下表:

主 动 语 态

被 动 语 态

一般式

to do

to be done

进行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done

to have been done

完成进行式

to have been doing

一、不定式一般式的用法

1. 表示未发生的动作

即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作。如:

I expect him to arrive tomorrow. 我预计他明天到达。

I hope to catch an early train. 我希望赶上早班火车。

The doctor advised me to take a complete rest. 医生建议我完全休息。

2. 表示同时发生的动作

即表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作。如:

Who heard him say that? 是谁听到他这样说的?(say与heard几乎同时发生)

I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry)

3. 表示一般情况

即看不出动作的先后关系,而是表示一种情况或现象。如:

Washing the car seems to be your main hobby. 擦洗汽车似乎是你的主要爱好。

None of her many lovers seemed to want to marry her. 在她的许多情人中似乎没有一个愿意娶她的。

二、不定式进行式的用法

1. 表示同时进行

即表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作。如:

He seems to be following us. 他似乎在跟着我们。

He pretended to be looking for a book. 他假装在找书。

I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived. 他们到达时我碰巧正向窗外望去。

2. 表示将来

正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样,不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来。如:

You are lucky to be going by air. 你挺幸运的,能乘飞机走。

He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。

I happened to be going that way. 我恰好也是到那里去。

I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out. 我答应在门口一直等到他出来。

3. 表示一般情况

即看不出动作的先后关系,而是表示一种情况或现象。如:

I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot. 我发现他似乎烟瘾很大。

Just to be doing something was a help. 做点事是有益处的。

You are too young to be meeting young men. 你太小,不能交男朋友。

三、不定式完成式的用法

1. 表示比谓语动作更早的动作

即不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:

I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。

They are said to have left London. 据说他们已经离开伦敦。

I happened to have driven that kind of car before. 碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。

I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。

2. 表示比某特定时间更早的动作

即表示在某个特定的时间之前已完成的动作。如:

I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。

By 2020, he hopes to have opened a branch overseas. 到2020年,他希望能在海外开一分店。

3. 表示假想的更早的动作

尤其是表示过去本来打算要做某事,但实际上没有做成的动作。如:

We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。

I wanted to have come to see you, but I was really too busy. 我本想来看你的,但我的确太忙了。

不定式的完成式有时还有明显的感情色彩,如表示遗憾、后悔或责备。如:

There is no need to have bought a new pair of shoes for me. 没有必要给我买一双新鞋。

 

 

 

四、不定式完成进行式的用法

不定式完成进行式主要表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作。如:

He pretended to have been studying. 他假装一直在学习的样子。

He appears to have been waiting a long time. 看来他已经等了很久了。

He seems to have been spying for both sides 他似乎一直在为两方面搞秘密情报。

He is believed to have been waiting for a message. 据信他当时一直在等待消息。

He looked too young to have been publishing for five years. 他看上去很年轻,不像是已经干了5年出版的人。

I’d like to have been sitting there when she walked in. 我真希望当她走进来的时候我正坐在那里。

五、不定式被动式的用法

1. 基本用法

不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式,往往取决于句子的意思,即意思上为主动就用主动形式,意思上为被动就用被动形式。如:

Not a sound was to be heard. 听不到一点声音。

I had to shout to be heard. 我必须叫喊对方才能听得见。

There remains one matter still to be discussed. 有一个问题尚待讨论。

It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good. 它对我们是利是害,还得看看再说。

2. 主动表被动

一般说来,表示主动意义,不定式用主动式;表示被动意义,不定式用被动式。但是,有个别时候,虽然意义上是被动的,但不定式却要用主动式。如:

The house is to let. 此屋出租。

The box was too heavy to lift. 箱子太重,拿不起来。

The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。