从lose heart看可数名词的抽象用法
从lose heart看可数名词的抽象用法
有网友问:The scientist from whom the government heard the bad news never lost heart when he was in trouble. 这个句子中,为何不说lose a heart, lose the heart, 或者lose his heart呢?
heart本来是可数名词,意为“心;心脏”:Your heart is the organ in your chest that pumps the blood around your body. 在lose heart中,为何不加任何冠词或者物主代词呢?原来,这就是可数名词heart的抽象用法。下面,请仔细体味它的几个抽象用法,均来自权威词典:
If you lose heart, you become sad and depressed and are no longer interested in something. (lose heart:失去信心;灰心,泄气)
If you take heart from something, you are encouraged and made to feel optimistic by it. (take heart from:从…得到鼓舞;因…振作精神)
If something gives you heart, it makes you feel more confident or happy about something. (give sb. heart:鼓励某人;让某人振作起来)
If you know something such as a poem by heart, you have learned it so well that you can remember it without having to read it.(by heart:背诵出;靠记忆)
通过以上对heart的诠释,我们发现,在这些短语中heart一词已经完全失去了它原有的本义,而被赋予了比喻和抽象的意义(信心;记忆)。又如:Although he failed in this entrance examination, he didn’t lose heart. 这次入学考试他虽名落孙山,但他并不气馁。
假如heart之前使用了冠词或者物主代词,那么就是它的具体意义,这时句子还能讲得通吗?
此外,我们还见过lose face这个词组。同理,这里的face也不是指具体的“脸”,而是比喻抽象的“面子,尊严”。例如:
If Tom doesn’t keep his promise, he’ll lose face. 如果汤姆不信守诺言,他就会丢面子。
His careless work made him lose face with his teacher. 他工作疏忽使他在老师面前丢脸。
目前一个普遍现象就是,语法书、教辅书和语法文章都喜欢讨论“物质名词和抽象名词转化为可数名词”的用法,然而,很少涉猎“可数名词的比喻用法和抽象用法”。例如:
抽象名词的具体化:
help 帮助→a help 帮手
pleasure快乐→a pleasure快乐的事
success成功→a success成功者或成功的事
failure失败→a failure失败者或失利的事
beauty美丽→a beauty美人或美丽的事物
surprise惊奇→a surprise令人惊奇的事
honor荣幸→an honor令人感到荣耀的人或事
comfort舒适→a comfort令人感到安慰的人或事
shame羞耻→a shame令人感到可惜(耻)的人或事
regret遗憾→a regret令人感到遗憾的事
joy高兴→a joy令人高兴的人或事
danger危险→a danger令人感到危险的人或事
pity遗憾→a pity令人遗憾的人或事
youth青春→a youth青年人
disappointment 失望→a disappointment令人失望的事
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