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重点中学英语语法讲义-分词

2017-09-15来源:和谐英语

 

 

3. 过去分词一般式的用法

过去分词只有一般式,没有完成式。过去分词在意义上最主要特点是表被动,在时间上它可以表示多种关系:

(1) 表示已经发生的动作:

Born in a poor family, he could not go to school. 因生于贫穷家庭,他上不起学。

Built in 1501,the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年,已有五百多年的历史。

(2) 表示经常性动作或泛指概论:

He is a man loved by all. 他是一个受大家爱戴的人。

The woman talked about is very rich. 人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。

注:the woman talked about也可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。

(3) 表示与谓动词动词同时(几乎同时)发生的动作:

Asked why he came, he kept silent. 问他为什么要来,他一言不发。

He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的秘书。

(4) 表示现在或过去(当时)的状态:

The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 凶手被带了进来,双手被绑在后面。

4. 过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别

两者均可表示被动,其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同(参见以上有关用法),但有时它们也可表示相同的意思(www.hxen.net):

Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。

Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。

Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。

有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别:

Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。

Shown the lab, we left. 被领着一看完实验室,我们就离开了。(有一种急促感)

四、分词的否定式

分词的否定式总是将否定词not置于分词之前,遇上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式,否定词应置于整个结构之前:

Not being able to understand English, he didn’t know what they wanted. 由于他不懂英语,他不知道他们要什么。

Not having finished his work,he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。

Everyone helped,John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙,约翰也不例外。

五、分词的逻辑主语

1. 何谓分词的逻辑主语

分词属非谓语动词,即不用作谓语的动词,所以它没有真正的主语。但是,分词作为动词的一种形式,它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语:

I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语)

Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 听到这消息,他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)

若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式,则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”:

I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语,但是sing 的逻辑宾语)

I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语,但是take 的逻辑宾语)

2. 使用分词逻辑主语的易错点

分词作状语,它的逻辑主语通常应是句子主语,否则会出错。请看下例:

(1) Finding her car stolen, ______.

A. a policeman was asked to help                B. the area was searched thoroughly

C. it was looked for everywhere                  D. she hurried to a policeman for help

此题答案应选D,因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”,而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。