重点中学英语语法讲义-there be结构

四、there be结构的否定式和疑问式

1. 否定式

there be结构的否定式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后：

There is not any bread left. 没有一点面包了。

There isn’t anything I can do for you. 我帮不了你什么忙。

若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将否定词置于助动词与情态动词之后：

There can’t be so many mistakes. 不可能有那么多错误。

There shouldn’t be any doubt about it. 对此不应有什么怀疑。

There haven’t been any parties in weeks. 好几个礼拜没开过晚会了。

另外注意以下类型的否定式：

There doesn’t seem to have been any difficulty over the money question. 在钱的问题上似乎没发生什么困难。

2. 疑问式

there be结构的疑问式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后：

Is there any good film on? 映什么好电影吗?

Is there room for me in the car? 车子里还有我坐的地方吗?

Are there any letters for me? 有我的信吗?

若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将助动词或情态动词移至句首构成疑问式：

Has there been an accident? 出事了吗?

Have there been any new developments? 有什么新的发展吗?

Can there have been so much rain there？那儿会下过那么多雨吗？

另外注意以下类型的疑问式：

Uncle Jesse, why do there have to be poor people like those? 杰西叔，为什么一定要有他们那样的穷人?

五、“there be＋名词＋动词”结构

1. there be+宾语+现在分词

现在分词表示主动关系，同时表示动作正在进行：

There is someone waiting for him. 有人在等他。

There was a man standing in front of me. 我前面站着一个男人。

There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。

There were a group of young people working in the fields. 有一群青年在地里劳动。

有时现在分词可表示一种状态：

There’s a piano standing against the wall. 靠墙有一架钢琴。

There’re a lot of difficulties facing us. 我们面前有很多困难。

There is a door leading to the garden. 有一座门通往花园。

有个别现在分词用于该结构时可以表示将来(正如它们可用进行时表示将来一样)：

There are ten people coming to dinner. 有10个人来吃晚饭。

2. there be+宾语+过去分词

过去分词表示一种被动关系，同时表示动作已经发生：

There is nothing written on it. 上面没写东西。

There were ten people killed in the accident. 事故中有10人丧生。

有时过去分词也可表示一种状态(可转换成被动结构)：

There were some old men seated (=who were seated) in the back. 有些老人坐在后面。

There is a red car parked (=which is parked) outside the house. 房子外边停着一辆红色汽车。

3. there be+宾语+不定式

不定式通常表示动作尚未发生：

There was nobody to look after the child. 没有人照顾这孩子。

There was a large crowd to send him off. 有一大群人要来给他送行。

There was so much to lose that we couldn’t take any risks. 可能会有很大的损失，因此我们不能冒险。

【注】当其中的宾语与其后的不定式为被动关系时，可用主动表被动，也可用被动式：

There is much work to do [to be done]. 有许多工作要做。

有时其中的不定式为系表结构(www.hxen.net)：

There is nothing to be afraid of. 没什么可怕的。

What was there to be afraid of. 有什么可怕的?

There’s nothing to be ashamed of. 没有什么值得羞愧的。