《英语常用词语法与辨析词典》
announce & declare
两者均可表示“宣布”,区别如下:
1. announce 主要指宣布大家期待的或与大家有关的事情,所涉及的情况通常是别人原来不知道的事,含有预告的意思。如:
The date of his visit has not been announced. 他来访的日期尚未公布。
They announced their engagement to the family. 他们向家里宣布他们已经订婚了。
2. declare 含有庄严宣告或交代清楚的意思,所涉及的事情不一定是别人不知道的。如:
He was declared to be guilty. 他被宣判有罪。
Bulgaria declared her independence in 1908. 保加利亚于 1908 年宣布独立。
answer & reply
1. 两者均可表示“回答”,但 answer 属常用词,多用于一般性应答,而 reply 则较正式,多指经过考虑而作出答复。如:
He answered my letter. 他给我回了信。(指他在信中说信已收到等)
He replied to my letter. 他给我回了信。(指他在信中把我提出的问题都作出回答)
若不细分,两者可换用。如:
I was so nervous that I couldn’t answer [reply]. 我紧张得没作回答。
2. answer 可自由地用作及物或不及物动词,而 reply 除后接 that 从句或引出直接引语是及物动词外,一般只用作不及物动词。其后若接名词或代词作宾语,应借助介词 to。如:
He replied that he had changed his mind. 他回答说他改变了主意。
He didn’t answer [reply to] my question. 他没有回答我的问题。
比较下面两句:
He did not know what to reply. 他不知道回答什么(即:用什么回答)。
He did not know what to reply to. 他不知道回答什么问题(即:对什么作回答)。
3. answer 除表示“回答”外,还可表示接听(电话)或对门铃等声响作出反应等(常与 telephone, door, bell, door-bell 等连用)。但 reply 不能这样用。如:
Who answered the telephone? 谁接的电话?
A little girl answered the door. 一个小女孩应声去开门。
Nobody answered my call for help. 没有人理会我的呼救。
4. 两者除用作动词外,都可用作名词。要表示“对……的回答(答复,答案)”等,其后均接介词 to (不用 of)。如:
Have you had an answer to your letter? 你寄出的信有回音没有?
I received no reply to my request. 我的要求没有收到任何答复。
anxious & eager
1. 表示“担心的”、“焦虑的”这一意义时,只能用 anxious,不用 eager;表示“为……担心”,一般后接介词 about, for。如:
We’re anxious about [for] her health. 我们担心她的健康。
He was anxious for his family, who were travelling abroad. 他担心在国外旅行的家人。
2. 表示“热切的”、“渴望的”这一意义时,两者都可用,但有以下几点需注意:
(1) anxious 之后一般用介词 for,而 eager 之后可接介词 for, after, about 等。如:
I’m anxious for a computer. 我渴望有台电脑。
We are all eager for [after] knowledge. 我们都求知心切。
(2) 两者之后均可接“(for sb)+不定式”,表示“渴望或想要(某人)做某事”。如:
We are anxious [eager] to know the result. 我们渴望知道结果。
He was anxious [eager] for her to go with him. 他渴望她 同他一起去。
(3) 两者之后均可接 that 从句,且从句谓语一般都用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气。如:
He’s anxious [eager] that she should come to see him. 他希望她来看他。
注:上面也可改成:
He is anxious [eager] for her to come to see him.
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any & some
1. 用作形容词或代词,some 通常用于肯定句,而 any 则通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。如:
There are some letters for you. 有几封信是你的。
There aren’t any letters for you. 没有一封信是你的。
Are there any letters for me? 有我的信吗?
2. any 有时也可用于肯定句,表示“任何”之意。如:
Take any book you like. 你喜欢哪本书就拿哪本。
Give me a book — any book will do. 给我本书,什么书都行。
3. some 有时用于疑问句,表示请求、邀请或希望得到肯定回答。如:
Shall I get you some paper? 要我给你拿些纸来吗?
Why not give her some flowers? 为什么不给她送些花呢?
Can I take some? 我可以拿一些吗?
4. some 有时用于否定句,表示部分否定。如:
I don’t like some of the books. 这些书当中有几本我不喜欢。
比较:I don’t like any of the books. 这些书当中我一本也不喜欢。
appear,look & seem
三者均可用作连系动词,意为“好像”、“似乎”等,区别如下:
1. 从词义上看:look 指视觉印象;appear 指外表给人的印象;这两者可能是真象也可能是假象,appear 的不确定性更大一些。seem 侧重指根据某种迹象作出的推断,也不一定是事实。
2. 从句型搭配和用法上看:
(1) 三者均可后接不定式,但 look 之后一般只限于 to be (且较少见)。如:
正:He seems [appears,looks] to be tired. 他好像很累了。
正:He seems [appears] to have travelled a lot. 他似乎去过不少地方。
误:He looks to have travelled a lot.
(2) look, seem 之后可接介词 like,但 appear 之后一般不能。如:
He looks [seems] like a fool. 他看起来像个大傻瓜。
(3) appear 和 seem 不用于进行时态,但 look 有时可这样用。如:
正:He looks [is looking] well. 他看上去气色不错。
误:He is seeming [appearing] well.
(4) 三者均可用于 it 开头的句子,且三者之后均可接以 as if 或 as though 引导的从句,另外 appear 和 seem 之后还可接 that 引导的从句。如:
It looks [seems,appears] as if he has lost interest in his job. 看来他对自己的工作已失去了兴趣。
It seems [appears] that he is very tired. 他似乎很累了。
注:后接 that 从句时,有时可用 so,not 代之。如:
A:Are they reliable? 他们可靠吗?
B:It seems [appears] so (not). 似乎是可靠的(不可靠)。
另外,比较以下同义句型:
It seems [appears] that he is ill. =He seems [appears] to be ill. 他似乎病了
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