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besides, except, but的用法特点与区别

2016-09-12来源:和谐英语

besides, except, but的用法特点与区别

1. 原则区别

三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”;而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如:

Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。

Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。

注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有……”,与but, except 同义。如:

No one read the book besides [except] me.  除我外没人看过这书。

2. 后接动词作宾语

三者均可后接动词作宾语,但 except, but 后接的动词通常用不定式形式,而 besides 后则通常接动名词形式。如:

I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。

It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。

What has he done, besides reading the paper? 除了看报,他还做了什么?

注:but和 except后接不定式作宾语时,该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,其原则区别是:若其前有do,不定式不带to;其前没有do,不定式通常带to。如:

She was willing to do anything except tell me her mane. 她怎么都行,就是不肯把她的名字告诉我。

3. but except

两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别:but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较:

I’ve written all my letters but one. 我只差一封信就全写完了。

I’ve written all my letters except one. 我还剩一封信没写。

在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等;any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等;every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等;all, none 等;who, what, where 等。一般说来,若不出现上述词汇,通常就不宜使用介词 but(但是 except 却没有以上限制)。比较:

除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。

正:The window is never opened except in summer. 

误:The window is never opened but in summer.

另外,but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首。若要用于句首表示“除……之外”,可用 except for(此时与 except 同义)。如:

除了小杰克外,他们全都睡觉了。

正:They all went to sleep except [but] Little Jack.

正:Except for Little Jack, they all went to sleep.

误:But [Except] Little Jack, they all went to sleep.

4. except except for

except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意。如:

All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。

His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。

注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。

5. except for but for

except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如:

Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。

But for your help, we should not have finished in time. 要不是你帮忙,我们就不及时完工。

6. besides 的副词用法

besides 除用作介词外,还可用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如:

I don’t want to come out now, and besides, I must work. 我现在不想出去,而且我还得工作。

This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides.  这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。