介词by用法方方面面
(1) 表示抓住或握住某人或某物的某一部位, 其中这个人或物应是前面已提到过的,且在介词 by 之后通常用定冠词 the 而不用物主代词。如:
She held the child by the hand. 她抓住小孩的手。
He grabbed the knife by the blade. 他抓住刀刃。
He led the ox by the nose. 他牵着牛的鼻子走。
(2) 有时也可以直接用人的部位作“抓”或“握”的宾语, 但强调重点不同:若以人作宾语,后接 by短语,强调动作的直接目的在于人,by短语只是说明动作的方式;若以人的部位作宾语,则强调动作的直接目的在于部位而不在于人。比如:当我们抓住坏人时,我们可以说 I seized the man by the hand. 因为这时动作的直接目的在于抓人,只是以by the hand 作为抓的方式。但是当我们要同客人握手时,则通常说I seized his hand and shook it heartily. 因为这里动作直接目的是要握手,而不是抓人,此时若说 I seized him and shook his hand. 就很奇怪了。(顺便说一句,与某人握手用shake hands with, shake one’s hand, shake sb by the hand 均可)
5. 表示时间,指“最迟在……之前”“到……的时候已经”,此时要注意它所连用的时态。如:
He was very tired by the evening. 他到晚上已经很累了。
He has read about 40 pages of the book by now. 现在这本书他已读了大约40页。
We will have finished the work by next month. 到下个月我们就会干完了这工作。
By the time the doctor arrived the patient had died. 在医生到达时,病人已经死了。
另外,表示时间时,它还可表示“在……期间”,通常连用的名词是 day, night, moonlight, daylight等,注意名词前通常不用冠词。如:
Cats sleep by day and hunt by night. 猫白天睡觉,夜里捉老鼠。
Do you like to swim by moonlight? 你喜欢在月光下游泳吗?
6. 表示单位,意为“以……计”,其后通常接表示计量单位的单数名词,且名词前要用定冠词。如:
They are paid by the hour (by the month). 他们所得报酬按小时(月)计。
Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen. 牛奶按品脱卖,黄油论磅卖,蛋类论打卖。
有时也接抽象名词,此时通常不用冠词。如:
Bananas are usually sold by weight. 香蕉通常按重量卖。
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