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形式主语it的灵活运用

2014-12-01来源:互联网

  一、形式主语;

  (一)什么是形式主语

  作为形式主语的it并无实际语义,是为满足语法上的需要,避免句子头重脚轻,它代替的是句子的逻辑主语。

  (二)形式主语it所在的句型类别

  1、作不定式的形式主语

  (1)句型

  It;is;+;a;pity/a;pleasure;+;to;do;sth.

  It;is;+;wrong/right/wise/cruel/naughty/selfish;+;of;sb.;+;to;do;sth.

  It;is;+;necessary/hard/important/difficult/possible/common;+;for;sb.;+;to;do;sth.

  (2)雅思范文写作实例

  A.;Beyond;this,;it;is;also;of;paramount;importance;to;use;theaters;and;museums;as;the;“social;classroom”;of;culture;and;history;education.

  B.;I;think;it;is;by;no;means;pointless,;in;any;way,;to;try;to;keep;traditions;alive;with;technology.;(Cambridge;3,;P162,;Task;2)

  C.;It;is;difficult;to;say;who;has;the;right;to;judge;whether;children;working;is;“wrong”;or;“valuable”.;(Cambridge;3,;P164,;Task;2)

  D.;…,;it;is;important;to;remember;that;children;need;to;develop;skills;other;than;intellectual;ones,;and;…(Cambridge;3,;P168,;Task;2)

  E.;Finally,;I;think;that;it;is;also;important;to;remember;that;children;need;to;relax;as;well;as;work,;…(Cambridge;3,;P168,;Task;2)

  F.;Because;people;interpret;happiness;for;themselves;in;so;many;different;ways,;it;is;difficult;to;give;ang;definition;that;is;true;for;everyone.;(Cambridge;4,;P165,;Task;2)

  G.;It;is;quite;common;these;days;for;young;people;in;many;countries;to;have;a;break;for;studying;after;graduation;from;high;school.;(Cambridge;5,;P165,;Task;2)

  H.;They;may;think;that;it;is;better;to;continue;in;a;particular;job,;or;to;do;sth;completely;different;from;from;a;university;course.;(Cambridge;5,;P165,;Task;2)

  据本人统计,剑桥官方的雅思真题(剑3—剑8)几乎每一篇Task2考官范文中,都有所使用,甚至在有的文章中出现三次之多。

  (3)学生写作实例

  实例1:Many;people,;if;not;most,;are;strong;believer;in;the;claim;that;regard;children;go;to;work;as;completely;wrong,while;others;hold;the;opposite;opinion.

  修改建议:it;is;completely;wrong;for;children;to;go;to;work.

  实例2:They;have;to;complete;their;homework;conscientiously;within;limited;time;and;difficult;to;discover;the;problems;in;studies.

  修改建议:thus;it;is;difficult;to;discover;their;problems;in;study.

  实例3:College;graduates;are;difficult;to;find;jobs.

  修改建议:It;is;difficult;for;college;graduates;to;find;jobs.

  实例4:Parents;realise;the;needs;of;their;children;is;extremely;important.

  修改建议:It;is;extremely;important;for;parents;to;realise;the;needs;of;their;children.

  It;is;extremely;important;that;parents;realise;the;needs;of;their;children.

  2、作动名词的形式主语

  (1)句型

  It;is;+;(no);use/good/useless/a;waste;of;time/energy/efforts;+;doing;sth.

  It;is;+;good/useless/hard/foolish/enjoyable/worthwhile;+;doing;sth.

  (2)雅思范文写作实例

  A.;For;instance,;children;usually;pay;attention;to;match;their;clothing;and;toys;;in;fact,;it;is;really;worth;competing;thing;that;their;study;is;being;ignored.

  B.;Some;parents;believe;that;it;is;no;use;having;second;education;for;their;kids.

  (3)学生作文实例

  实例:Particular;countries;and;individuals;deals;with;environmental;issues;are;no;use.

  修改建议:It;is;no;use;dealing;with;environmental;issues;by;particular;countries;and;indivuduals.

  3、作主语从句的形式主语

  (1)句型

  It;is;+;(adj);n./(adv.);adj./(adv.)v-ed;+;that……

  It;+;seems/happens/appears/matters//strikes/occurs(突然想起);+;that……

  It;is;+;said/reported/believed/(universally/widely);accepted/announced/estimated/acknowledged;+;that……

  It;+;must;be;admitted/stressed;out;+;that…/It;+;cannot;be;denied;+;that….../It;+;can;be;foreseen;+;that……

  It;+;goes;without;saying;+;that…

  (2)雅思范文实例

  A.;It;is;an;understandable;fact;that;many;employers;may;prefer;to;use;the;services;of;children;simply;to;save;money;by;paying;them;less;than;adults;and;it;is;this;type;of;exploitation;tht;should;be;discouraged.;(Cambridge;3,;P164,;Task;2)

  B.;Admittedly,;it;is;common;sense;that;a;person;without;cooperative;spirit;will;be;difficult;to;survive;in;the;modern;society.

  C.;Unfortunately,;it;is;not;always;the;case;that;new;things;are;promoted;because;they;have;good;impacts;for;the;majority;of;people.;(Cambridge;6,;P168,;Task;2)

  D.;It;is;clear;from;the;data;given;that;there;are;some;significant;differences;in;spending;habits;in;Europe.;(Cambridge;3,;P161,;Task;1)

  E.;It;goes;without;saying;that;it;pays;to;keep;early;hours.

  F.;Take;holding;an;Olympic;games;as;an;example,;it;is;no;doubt;it;will;take;millions;of;money;to;build;stadiums.

  G.;A;more;dramatic;rise;is;predicted;between;2030;and;2040;in;Japan,;by;which;time;it;is;thought;that;the;proportion;of;elderly;people;will;be;similar;in;the;three;countries.;(Cambridge;5,;P162,;Task;1)

  H.;It;seems;that;the;experiences;we;have;in;life;are;so;uNPRedictable;and;so;powerful,;that;they;can;boost;or;overide;other;influences,;…(Cambridge;5,;P169,;Task;2)

  (3)学生写作实例

  实例1:It;is;quite;obvious/evident/apparent;that;the;quantity;of;families;who;tends;to;go;outside;and;infuse;fresh;oxygen;into;their;lungs;is;growing;steadily.

  实例2:It;is;universally;acknowledged;that;the;best;way;to;arouse;people’s;love;to;our;nature,;who;has;devoted;herself;too;much;to;human;being’s;development;while;has;received;barely;anything;till;now,;is;to;let;them;see;the;beauty;of;hers;by;themselves.

  这是XVCC23强化班里一位基础较好的学生的写作实例,其中的语法、措辞方面的错误已经进行了修改。

  实例3:Clearly,;rush;hours;emerges;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;(in;the);early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.

  修改建议:这个句子的结构应该是无可厚非的(语法就不说啦),但是,按照雅思评分的标准,句式稍微做一下调整,会更漂亮:如:It;is;clear;that;rush;hours;emerge;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;in;the;early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.或者改成It;is;demonstrated;that;rush;hours;emerge;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;in;the;early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.这样一个小小的调整,其句子修改前后的效果是显而易见的。

  (三)it作形式主语的特征分析

  根据以上对it作形式主语的句型结构的解析,对雅思写作范文、尤其是官方考官范文的分析,以及对学生写作过程中出现的it使用状况的详细解读可知:相比较于名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句的复杂性和多边性,it作为形式主语的句式结构可谓简明扼要,学生掌握起来应该说是得心应手的。

  (四)不能正确使用it形式主语的原因

  在信息编排时,英语句子遵循“end;focus”的原则,即旧信息在前,新信息在后“old;information+new;information”;但是,当句子主语结构较长,容易使句子产生“head;weight”的感觉时,句子结构则遵循“end;weight”的原则,即,把较长的主语全部置于句子尾部。前面空掉的主语位置用it来代替,担当形式主语的功能。

  而汉语并不具有这类明显的特征,学生对英汉两种语言结构差异知之甚少,或者略有所知,在真正的运用中,也未必能够正确的体现出来。多数学生都本着汉语式的思维,一遇到“某人做某事是怎么样的/是什么”就习惯性地写成t">

  二、总结;

  建议学生在雅思学习中,采取步步为营的四步走战略战术,循序渐进:首先,记住句型结构;其次,模仿写作;之后,进行独立创作;最后,形成属于自己的模板句型。作为雅思写作学习中可控制的因素,我们可以培养句式运用的习惯,使习惯称为自然。为了我们雅思学习这个努力是值得的,it;pays;in;the;long;run.