形式主语it的灵活运用

　　一、形式主语;

　　（一）什么是形式主语

　　作为形式主语的it并无实际语义，是为满足语法上的需要，避免句子头重脚轻，它代替的是句子的逻辑主语。

　　（二）形式主语it所在的句型类别

　　1、作不定式的形式主语

　　（1）句型

　　It;is;+;a;pity/a;pleasure;+;to;do;sth.

　　It;is;+;wrong/right/wise/cruel/naughty/selfish;+;of;sb.;+;to;do;sth.

　　It;is;+;necessary/hard/important/difficult/possible/common;+;for;sb.;+;to;do;sth.

　　（2）雅思范文写作实例

　　A.;Beyond;this,;it;is;also;of;paramount;importance;to;use;theaters;and;museums;as;the;“social;classroom”;of;culture;and;history;education.

　　B.;I;think;it;is;by;no;means;pointless,;in;any;way,;to;try;to;keep;traditions;alive;with;technology.;(Cambridge;3,;P162,;Task;2)

　　C.;It;is;difficult;to;say;who;has;the;right;to;judge;whether;children;working;is;“wrong”;or;“valuable”.;(Cambridge;3,;P164,;Task;2)

　　D.;…,;it;is;important;to;remember;that;children;need;to;develop;skills;other;than;intellectual;ones,;and;…(Cambridge;3,;P168,;Task;2)

　　E.;Finally,;I;think;that;it;is;also;important;to;remember;that;children;need;to;relax;as;well;as;work,;…(Cambridge;3,;P168,;Task;2)

　　F.;Because;people;interpret;happiness;for;themselves;in;so;many;different;ways,;it;is;difficult;to;give;ang;definition;that;is;true;for;everyone.;(Cambridge;4,;P165,;Task;2)

　　G.;It;is;quite;common;these;days;for;young;people;in;many;countries;to;have;a;break;for;studying;after;graduation;from;high;school.;(Cambridge;5,;P165,;Task;2)

　　H.;They;may;think;that;it;is;better;to;continue;in;a;particular;job,;or;to;do;sth;completely;different;from;from;a;university;course.;(Cambridge;5,;P165,;Task;2)

　　据本人统计，剑桥官方的雅思真题（剑3—剑8）几乎每一篇Task2考官范文中，都有所使用，甚至在有的文章中出现三次之多。

　　（3）学生写作实例

　　实例1：Many;people,;if;not;most,;are;strong;believer;in;the;claim;that;regard;children;go;to;work;as;completely;wrong,while;others;hold;the;opposite;opinion.

　　修改建议：it;is;completely;wrong;for;children;to;go;to;work.

　　实例2：They;have;to;complete;their;homework;conscientiously;within;limited;time;and;difficult;to;discover;the;problems;in;studies.

　　修改建议：thus;it;is;difficult;to;discover;their;problems;in;study.

　　实例3：College;graduates;are;difficult;to;find;jobs.

　　修改建议：It;is;difficult;for;college;graduates;to;find;jobs.

　　实例4：Parents;realise;the;needs;of;their;children;is;extremely;important.

　　修改建议：It;is;extremely;important;for;parents;to;realise;the;needs;of;their;children.

　　It;is;extremely;important;that;parents;realise;the;needs;of;their;children.

　　2、作动名词的形式主语

　　（1）句型

　　It;is;+;(no);use/good/useless/a;waste;of;time/energy/efforts;+;doing;sth.

　　It;is;+;good/useless/hard/foolish/enjoyable/worthwhile;+;doing;sth.

　　（2）雅思范文写作实例

　　A.;For;instance,;children;usually;pay;attention;to;match;their;clothing;and;toys;;in;fact,;it;is;really;worth;competing;thing;that;their;study;is;being;ignored.

　　B.;Some;parents;believe;that;it;is;no;use;having;second;education;for;their;kids.

　　（3）学生作文实例

　　实例：Particular;countries;and;individuals;deals;with;environmental;issues;are;no;use.

　　修改建议：It;is;no;use;dealing;with;environmental;issues;by;particular;countries;and;indivuduals.

　　3、作主语从句的形式主语

　　（1）句型

　　It;is;+;(adj);n./(adv.);adj./(adv.)v-ed;+;that……

　　It;+;seems/happens/appears/matters//strikes/occurs(突然想起);+;that……

　　It;is;+;said/reported/believed/(universally/widely);accepted/announced/estimated/acknowledged;+;that……

　　It;+;must;be;admitted/stressed;out;+;that…/It;+;cannot;be;denied;+;that….../It;+;can;be;foreseen;+;that……

　　It;+;goes;without;saying;+;that…

　　（2）雅思范文实例

　　A.;It;is;an;understandable;fact;that;many;employers;may;prefer;to;use;the;services;of;children;simply;to;save;money;by;paying;them;less;than;adults;and;it;is;this;type;of;exploitation;tht;should;be;discouraged.;(Cambridge;3,;P164,;Task;2)

　　B.;Admittedly,;it;is;common;sense;that;a;person;without;cooperative;spirit;will;be;difficult;to;survive;in;the;modern;society.

　　C.;Unfortunately,;it;is;not;always;the;case;that;new;things;are;promoted;because;they;have;good;impacts;for;the;majority;of;people.;(Cambridge;6,;P168,;Task;2)

　　D.;It;is;clear;from;the;data;given;that;there;are;some;significant;differences;in;spending;habits;in;Europe.;(Cambridge;3,;P161,;Task;1)

　　E.;It;goes;without;saying;that;it;pays;to;keep;early;hours.

　　F.;Take;holding;an;Olympic;games;as;an;example,;it;is;no;doubt;it;will;take;millions;of;money;to;build;stadiums.

　　G.;A;more;dramatic;rise;is;predicted;between;2030;and;2040;in;Japan,;by;which;time;it;is;thought;that;the;proportion;of;elderly;people;will;be;similar;in;the;three;countries.;(Cambridge;5,;P162,;Task;1)

　　H.;It;seems;that;the;experiences;we;have;in;life;are;so;uNPRedictable;and;so;powerful,;that;they;can;boost;or;overide;other;influences,;…(Cambridge;5,;P169,;Task;2)

　　（3）学生写作实例

　　实例1：It;is;quite;obvious/evident/apparent;that;the;quantity;of;families;who;tends;to;go;outside;and;infuse;fresh;oxygen;into;their;lungs;is;growing;steadily.

　　实例2：It;is;universally;acknowledged;that;the;best;way;to;arouse;people’s;love;to;our;nature,;who;has;devoted;herself;too;much;to;human;being’s;development;while;has;received;barely;anything;till;now,;is;to;let;them;see;the;beauty;of;hers;by;themselves.

　　这是XVCC23强化班里一位基础较好的学生的写作实例，其中的语法、措辞方面的错误已经进行了修改。

　　实例3：Clearly,;rush;hours;emerges;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;(in;the);early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.

　　修改建议：这个句子的结构应该是无可厚非的（语法就不说啦），但是，按照雅思评分的标准，句式稍微做一下调整，会更漂亮：如：It;is;clear;that;rush;hours;emerge;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;in;the;early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.或者改成It;is;demonstrated;that;rush;hours;emerge;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;in;the;early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.这样一个小小的调整，其句子修改前后的效果是显而易见的。

　　（三）it作形式主语的特征分析

　　根据以上对it作形式主语的句型结构的解析，对雅思写作范文、尤其是官方考官范文的分析，以及对学生写作过程中出现的it使用状况的详细解读可知：相比较于名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句的复杂性和多边性，it作为形式主语的句式结构可谓简明扼要，学生掌握起来应该说是得心应手的。

　　（四）不能正确使用it形式主语的原因

　　在信息编排时，英语句子遵循“end;focus”的原则，即旧信息在前，新信息在后“old;information+new;information”；但是，当句子主语结构较长，容易使句子产生“head;weight”的感觉时，句子结构则遵循“end;weight”的原则，即，把较长的主语全部置于句子尾部。前面空掉的主语位置用it来代替，担当形式主语的功能。

　　而汉语并不具有这类明显的特征，学生对英汉两种语言结构差异知之甚少，或者略有所知，在真正的运用中，也未必能够正确的体现出来。多数学生都本着汉语式的思维，一遇到“某人做某事是怎么样的/是什么”就习惯性地写成t">

　　二、总结;

　　建议学生在雅思学习中，采取步步为营的四步走战略战术，循序渐进：首先，记住句型结构；其次，模仿写作；之后，进行独立创作；最后，形成属于自己的模板句型。作为雅思写作学习中可控制的因素，我们可以培养句式运用的习惯，使习惯称为自然。为了我们雅思的学习这个努力是值得的，it;pays;in;the;long;run.