财政部关于中央和地方预算的报告 中英双语

3.医疗卫生支出826.8亿元，增长24.5%，完成预算的99.4%。全面建立新型农村合作医疗制度，参合人数达到8亿多；城镇居民基本医疗保险制度试点城市由88个增加到317个，参保人数由4291万人增加到1亿人以上；中央财政对中西部地区补助标准提高到每人每年40元，并给予东部地区适当补助，共支出278.68亿元。将所有地方政策性关闭破产国有企业退休人员全部纳入当地城镇职工基本医疗保险范围，支出80亿元。加大重大疾病预防控制等公共卫生、食品药品监管及中医药事业发展的保障力度，加强突发公共事件医疗救治和卫生防疫工作，为食用含三聚氰胺奶粉的婴幼儿进行免费筛查，共支出126.14亿元。加大城乡医疗救助力度，支出34亿元，资助城乡低保对象、五保户等困难人群参保，减轻医疗负担。加强县乡基层医疗卫生服务设施建设，配备基本医疗设备，支出66亿元。将农村孕产妇住院分娩补助政策覆盖范围扩展到中西部所有地区，中、西部地区中央财政补助标准分别提高到每人300元、400元。
3) Expenditures for medical and health care amounted to 82.68 billion yuan, a 24.5% growth and equivalent to 99.4% of the target. We established a new type of cooperative medical care system in all rural areas across the country, covering more than 800 million residents. We increased the number of pilot cities making basic medical insurance available to their non-working residents from 88 to 317, with the number of participating residents increasing from 42.91 million to over 100 million. The central government raised the level of financial aid to 40 yuan per person a year in the central and western regions, and granted a certain level of subsidies to the eastern region. These measures claimed expenditures totaling 27.868 billion yuan. Eight billion yuan was used to expand the basic medical insurance program for urban workers to include all retirees from state-owned enterprises subject to policy-mandated closure or bankruptcy in all localities of the country. We increased funding for public health in areas such as prevention and control of major diseases, as well as for oversight and supervision of food and drugs and development of traditional Chinese medicine, improved medical treatment procedures for public emergencies, stepped up public health and epidemic prevention efforts, and screened infants and pre-school children potentially exposed to melamine-tainted milk power free of charge. These measures claimed expenditures by the central government totaling 12.614 billion yuan. A total of 3.4 billion yuan went to increasing medical assistance in both urban and rural areas, and providing assistance for medical care for urban and rural residents receiving cost of living allowances and rural childless and infirm residents who receive subsidies to cover food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses to enable them to obtain medical insurance and reduce the burden on them from medical expenditures. We spent 6.6 billion yuan to step up development of public health facilities in counties and townships and equip them with basic medical equipment. We expanded the area of the country covered by the policy granting allowances to rural women giving birth in hospitals so that it now covers the entire central and western regions, and the central government raised the allowances to 300 yuan per person for the central region and 400 yuan for the western region.

4.社会保障和就业支出2743.59亿元，增长19.2%，完成预算的99.3%。全面加强城乡居民最低生活保障制度建设，中央财政分别于2008年1月1日和7月1日两次按月人均城市15元、农村10元的标准提高城乡低保对象补助水平，补助支出达到363.1亿元。继续提高企业退休人员基本养老金水平，人均每月增加110元，中央财政养老保险专项补助支出1127.43亿元，并向中西部地区和东北地区等老工业基地倾斜。支持80户国有企业实施政策性关闭破产，支出200亿元，安置职工32万人。实施针对就业困难群体的社会保险补贴、公益性岗位补贴等就业扶持政策，支出252.08亿元。完善收费、小额担保贷款政策，促进创业带动就业。
4) Expenditures for the social safety net and employment work reached 274.359 billion yuan, up 19.2% and equivalent to 99.3% of the target. A total of 36.31 billion yuan was used to improve all aspects of the cost of living allowance system for both urban and rural residents and raise the monthly allowances for urban dwellers by 15 yuan per person and for rural residents by 10 yuan per person on January 1 and again on July 1. The central government allocated 112.743 billion yuan in subsidies for old-age insurance to continue to increase basic old-age benefits for retirees from state-owned enterprises by 110 yuan per person a month, with the focus on the central and western regions and northeast China and other old industrial bases. Twenty billion yuan was spent to support policy-mandated closures or bankruptcies of 80 state-owned enterprises and provide for 320,000 of their laid-off employees. The central government spent 25.208 billion yuan to support the implementation of policies to secure employment for people experiencing difficulty in finding employment by granting them subsidies for subscribing to social security and working in low-paying public service positions. We improved the policies on charges and fees and on guaranteed small loans to encourage business startups in order to expand employment.

5.保障性安居工程支出181.9亿元，增长114.3%。加大廉租住房实物配租力度，扩大廉租住房租赁补贴范围。稳步推进棚户区（危旧房）改造。全国共有295万户城市低收入住房困难家庭享受廉租住房保障，其中，租赁住房补贴229万户，实物配租26万户，租金核减34万户。
5) Expenditures to develop low-income housing totaled 18.19 billion yuan, an increase of 114.3%. More families were made eligible for low-rent housing and rent subsidies for such housing became available to more people. We made steady progress in renovating shantytowns (old and dilapidated housing). A total of 2.95 million low-income urban families across the country benefited from the low-rent housing program. This included 2.29 million families enjoying rent subsidies, 260,000 households renting government-managed housing, and 340,000 families paying discounted rent.

6.文化支出252.81亿元，增长20%，完成预算的99.9%。全国1007个博物馆、纪念馆向全社会免费开放。支持实施全国文化信息资源共享工程，部分省市提前实现县级全覆盖。农村电影放映补贴扩大到中西部所有行政村。支持中西部地区46434个行政村配备农村适用图书，并对东部地区农家书屋工程开展好的省份给予奖励。
6) Expenditures on culture reached 25.281 billion yuan, up 20% and equivalent to 99.9% of the target. Admission to 1,007 museums and memorial halls across the country was offered free of charge to the public. We supported the project to build a national shared database for cultural information and resources; this has proceeded ahead of schedule and now covers all counties in some provinces and municipalities directly under the central government. Grant of subsidies to enable villages to show movies has been extended to all incorporated villages in the central and western regions. We supported 46,434 incorporated villages in the central and western regions in purchasing suitable books and rewarded those provinces and municipalities directly under the central government in the eastern region that did well in setting up rural reading rooms.

7.科学技术支出1163.29亿元，增长16.4%，完成预算的102.6%。支持加强基础研究和应用研究，支出903.91亿元。全面启动实施16个国家重大科技专项，支出60亿元。支持国家重点实验室开放运行、仪器设备研制更新和自主创新研究。全面启动50个主要农产品的现代农业产业技术体系建设。
7) Spending on science and technology reached 116.329 billion yuan, up 16.4% and equivalent to 102.6% of the target. This included 90.391 billion yuan applied to step up basic and applied research and 6 billion yuan to launch and carry out all the 16 key state science and technology projects. Funds were used to enable key state laboratories to allow outside personnel to use their facilities and design, manufacture and upgrade their instruments and equipment, and undertake independent innovation and research. Funds were also used to develop a system of industrial technologies for modern agriculture involving 50 major farm products.

8.环境保护支出1040.3亿元，增长33%，完成预算的101.2%。促进十大重点节能工程建设、循环经济发展、重点流域水污染治理等，完善中西部地区城镇管网配套设施，支出423亿元。支持实施天然林保护工程，继续落实退耕还林、退牧还草政策，支出499.6亿元。开展太湖流域和天津滨海新区排污权有偿取得和交易试点。推动资源综合利用和新能源、可再生能源发展。
8) Spending on environmental protection totaled 104.03 billion yuan, up 33% and equivalent to 101.2% of the target. Included in this total is 42.3 billion yuan used to promote development of the ten major energy conservation projects and the circular economy, control water pollution in key river valleys, and improve urban water supply and wastewater pipe networks in the central and western regions, and 49.96 billion yuan used to support the project to protect natural forests and implement policies for returning farmland to forests and returning grazing land to natural grasslands. Funds were used to finance the trial of a compensation and credit trading system for the right to release pollutants in the Tai Lake basin and the Binhai New Area of Tianjin. Funds were also spent to promote comprehensive utilization of resources and develop new and renewable energy sources.

9.工业商业金融等事务支出3871.35亿元，增长59.4%，完成预算的114.8%。粮食直补、农资综合补贴867亿元，增长103%，惠及7.28亿农民。支持三次较大幅度提高粮食最低收购价，提价幅度超过20%，并实施主要农产品临时收储政策，粮油储备等支出461.69亿元。对受成品油调价影响较大的渔业等五大行业补贴365.38亿元。家电下乡试点扩大到12个省份，补贴20亿元。支持金融体制改革，支出895亿元。促进产业升级和结构调整，加快高新技术产业化，支出建设资金369.69亿元。
9) Spending on industry, commerce and banking totaled 387.135 billion yuan, an increase of 59.4% and equivalent to 114.8% of the target. This figure includes 86.7 billion yuan in direct subsidies to grain farmers and general subsidies for purchasing agricultural supplies, representing an increase of 103%, which benefited 728 million farmers. Another 46.169 billion yuan was used to raise the minimum grain purchase prices three times by a significant accumulative of more than 20%, implement a short-term policy for purchasing and storing major agricultural products, and maintain grain and edible oil reserves. A total of 36.538 billion yuan in subsidies was granted to the fishery industry and four other major industries seriously affected by adjustments in prices of refined petroleum products. Another 2 billion was used to extend to 12 provincial-level administrative areas the program to grant subsidies to enable rural residents to buy home appliances. A total of 89.5 billion yuan was used to support reform of the banking system. Finally, 36.969 billion yuan was spent to promote industrial upgrading and restructuring and accelerate industrial application of new and high technologies.

10.公共安全支出875.77亿元，增长9.3%，完成预算的102.1%。加强政法机关经费保障，重点满足开展主要业务工作经费需要，强化基础建设。积极保障实施诉讼收费办法改革。支持重点地区应对处置突发事件。
10) Spending on public security came to 87.577 billion yuan, up9.3% and equivalent to 102.1% of the target. We intensified our efforts to ensure adequate funding for procuratorial, judicial and public security organs, with the focus on guaranteeing sufficient operating expenses to carry out their major duties and improve their infrastructure. We made funds available for reforming the method for collecting court fees for bringing suits. We supported key areas of the country in responding to emergencies.

11.国防支出4099.43亿元，增长17.7%，完成预算的100%。
11) Expenses for national defense totaled 409.943 billion yuan, up 17.7% and equivalent to 100% of the target.

12.交通运输支出1290.77亿元，增长3.4%（如扣除2007年用铁路运输企业出售国有资产变现收入安排的铁路建设一次性支出，增长22.6%），完成预算的122.4%，超预算较多主要是执行中增加了车辆购置税支出和公路、铁路等交通运输设施建设支出。加强高速公路网、铁路、内河航道、机场等交通基础设施建设，支出建设资金495亿元。加大对农村公路建设的支持力度，支出492亿元，新建、改建39.1万公里农村公路。
12) Expenditures for transportation amounted to 129.077 billion yuan, an increase of 3.4% (or 22.6% if not including the one-time expenditures in 2007 for railway construction financed with the proceeds from the sale of state assets held by railway enterprises) and equivalent to 122.4% of the target. The large amount over the target was mainly due to increase in expenditures from vehicle purchase tax receipts and in expenditures for developing highways, railways, and other transport facilities during implementation of the budget. Included in this total is 49.5 billion yuan used to strengthen transportation infrastructure such as expressway networks, railways, inland channels, and airports, and 49.2 billion yuan spent to increase support for construction of rural roads, resulting in 391,000 kilometers of newly built or upgraded roads.

13.一般公共服务支出2522.99亿元，增长8.7%，完成预算的95%。其中：用于机关运行等基本公共管理与服务方面的支出1272.33亿元，下降4.3%，完成预算的89.6%，原因是年初预算含工商部门停征两费转移支付，执行中调整到财力性转移支付，以及压缩中央国家机关公用经费用于抗震救灾；国债利息支出1250.66亿元，增长26.2%，完成预算的101.2%。
13) Expenditures for providing general public services totaled 252.299 billion yuan, up 8.7% and equivalent to 95% of the target. This consists of 1) 127.233 billion yuan for basic public administration and services, such as operation of government offices, down 4.3% and equivalent to 89.6% of the target (expenditures were under the budgeted amount for this item mainly because the budget compiled early last year included transfer payments to administrations of industry and commerce in compensation for the fees they used to collect from sole proprietors and fair trade markets, but during actual implementation this item was incorporated into fiscal transfer payments, and regular budgeted expenditures of state organs were reduced to make more funds available to fight the earthquake and provide disaster relief); and 2) 125.066 billion yuan was used to pay interest on national debt, an increase of 26.2% and equivalent to 101.2% of the target.

汇总以上各科目，中央财政用在与人民群众生活直接相关的教育、医疗卫生、社会保障、就业、保障性住房、文化方面的民生支出合计5603.64亿元，增长29.2%。中央财政用于“三农”的支出合计5955.5亿元，增加1637亿元，增长37.9%。其中：支持农业生产方面的支出2260.1亿元；对农民的四项补贴（粮食直补、农资综合补贴、良种补贴、农机具购置补贴）支出1030.4亿元，比上年增长一倍；促进教育、医疗卫生、社会保障、就业、保障性住房、文化等农村社会事业发展方面的支出2072.8亿元；主要农产品储备费用和利息等支出576.2亿元。中央财政对地方的税收返还和财力性转移支付12559.32亿元（扣除已列入上述具体支出科目的专项转移支付和财力性转移支付部分项目后的金额），大部分也用于民生和“三农”支出。
Total spending by the central government on the above items in areas such as education, medical and health care, the social safety net, employment, low-income housing and culture that directly affect the people's lives came to 560.364 billion yuan, an increase of 29.2%. Central government expenditures for agriculture, rural areas and farmers totaled 595.55 billion yuan, an increase of 163.7 billion yuan or 37.9%. This figure includes 226.01 billion yuan for agricultural production; 103.04 billion yuan, an increase of 100%, for direct subsidies to grain producers, general subsidies for purchasing agricultural supplies, subsidies for planting superior crop varieties and subsidies for purchasing agricultural machinery and tools; 207.28 billion yuan for social programs such as education, medical and health care, the social safety net, employment, low-income housing and culture in rural areas; and 57.62 billion yuan for expenses and interests related to stockpiles of major agricultural products. The central government's tax rebates and fiscal transfer payments to local governments totaled 1.255932 trillion yuan, the bulk of which went to the people's wellbeing, agriculture, rural areas, and farmers.

（三）财政宏观调控积极有效
3. Public finance's active effect in macro-control

根据国内外经济形势发展变化，中央对宏观调控导向作了两次重大调整。年中，适时把宏观调控的首要任务，从防经济过热、防明显通胀，调整为“保持经济平稳较快发展、控制物价过快上涨”。9月份，又果断地把宏观调控的着力点转到防止经济增速过快下滑上来。根据中央宏观调控导向，年中在实施稳健财政政策过程中，采取了一些更为积极的财税政策措施，10月份后进一步明确实施了积极的财政政策，适当减免税费，多次提高出口退税率，增加中央政府公共投资和重点支出，对促进经济平稳较快发展发挥了重要作用。
The central leadership made major adjustments in the orientation of macro-control on two occasions in light of developments and changes in the domestic and international economic situations. The primary task for macro-control shifted mid-year from preventing overheated economic growth and significant inflation to maintaining steady and rapid economic development and preventing prices from rising too fast. In September, the central leadership resolutely shifted the focus of macro-control to preventing economic growth from slowing down too quickly. Even more proactive fiscal and taxation policies and measures were adopted mid-year in line with the orientation of central government macro-control while the government continued to pursue a prudent fiscal policy. An even more proactive fiscal policy was implemented in and after October by reducing and exempting taxes and fees by an appropriate amount, raising export rebate rates several times and increasing the spending and key expenditures of the central government. These moves played an important role in promoting steady and rapid economic development.     

保持中央政府公共投资适度增长。年初适当减少中央财政赤字和国债项目资金，同时增加中央基建投资。预算执行中，根据抗震救灾需要，调整支出规模和结构，建立中央地震灾后恢复重建基金，大力支持灾区恢复重建。第四季度，为应对国际金融危机的影响，积极筹措资金，新增中央政府公共投资1040亿元，用于加快灾区恢复重建、实施保障性安居工程等民生工程和农业基础设施建设。
We maintained an appropriate increase in central government spending. At the beginning of the year, we reduced the central government deficit and funding for bond-financed projects and increased spending on capital construction in the central budget. The scale and structure of expenditures were adjusted during implementation of the budget to provide relief for quake-hit areas. We set up a central government fund for post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction to give full support for recovery and reconstruction efforts. In the fourth quarter, we energetically raised funds and increased central government spending by 104 billion yuan to ward off the impact of the global financial crisis, accelerate recovery and reconstruction efforts in quake-hit areas, construct low-income housing and carry out other measures to improve the people's wellbeing, and strengthen agricultural infrastructure.

促进稳定物价和缓解价格矛盾。大幅度增加农资综合补贴和良种补贴。三次较大幅度提高粮食最低收购价，扩大国内紧缺农产品和重要原材料等进口，严格控制粮食、化肥等出口，加强重要商品储备调控。对受成品油调价影响较大的渔业等五大行业实施补贴。积极扶持一些价格矛盾短期内难以理顺的资源性产品生产企业。及时提高低收入群体的补助水平。对普通高校全日制在校本专科学生和研究生给予临时伙食补贴。
We promoted price stability and alleviated price irrationality. We increased general subsidies for purchasing agricultural supplies and subsidies for planting superior seed varieties by a large margin. We raised minimum grain purchase prices significantly three times, imported a greater volume of agricultural products and important raw materials in short supply on the domestic market, strictly controlled the export of grain and chemical fertilizers and improved regulation of reserves of important commodities. Subsidies were granted to the fishery industry and four others that were greatly affected by changes in the prices of refined petroleum products. We assisted producers of resource products because prices became irrational and were not likely to see correction in the near future. Subsidies for the low-income population were raised promptly as needed. Junior and regular college students in full-time programs received temporary meal allowances.

减轻企业和居民负担。实施企业所得税新税法，降低企业税负。提高个人所得税工薪所得减除费用标准，暂免征收储蓄存款和证券交易结算资金利息个人所得税。实施促进廉租住房、经济适用房建设和住房租赁市场发展的财税扶持政策。降低住房交易环节税收负担。下调证券交易印花税税率并改为单边征收。调整汽车消费税政策。允许困难企业阶段性缓缴社会保险费、降低四项社会保险费率等。初步统计，2008年各项税费减免政策共减轻企业和居民负担约2800亿元。
We reduced the load on enterprises and individuals. The new Law on Corporate Income Tax was implemented, reducing the tax load on enterprises. The salary threshold for the individual income tax was increased and the individual income taxes on interest earnings from savings and stock account balance were suspended. Fiscal and taxation policies were adopted to support development of low-rent housing, affordable housing and the rental housing market. Taxes on housing sales were reduced. The securities transaction stamp tax rate was reduced and the stamp tax on stock purchases was scrapped. We adjusted policies for the sales tax on vehicle purchases. Financially-strapped enterprises were temporarily allowed to suspend their payment of social security contributions, and the required contributions to medical, unemployment, worker's compensation and maternity insurance funds were decreased. According to preliminary statistics, the tax load on enterprises and individuals was reduced by about 280 billion yuan in 2008 due to policies requiring tax reductions and exemptions.     

扶持中小企业发展。中央和省级财政支出286.4亿元，促进中小企业技术创新、产品升级和国际市场开拓。推动创业投资试点。完善中小企业担保体系，对开展中小企业担保业务给予奖励和补贴。扩大小额担保贷款覆盖范围，提高小额担保贷款中央财政贴息标准，建立贷款奖励和风险分担与补偿机制。积极落实促进中小企业发展的税收优惠政策。
We supported development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The central government and governments at the provincial level allocated 28.64 billion yuan to assist small and medium-sized enterprises in innovating technology, upgrading products and expanding into international markets. Trials were carried out in investment of venture capital. We improved the credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises, and granted rewards and subsidies to agencies providing guarantees for them. More enterprises became eligible for guaranteed small loans, the central government raised subsidies for interest on guaranteed small loans, and a mechanism for rewarding lending institutions and a mechanism for risk sharing and compensation in the event of losses from nonperforming loans were set up. Preferential taxation policies were adopted to promote development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

支持稳定出口。四次调高了纺织、服装等劳动密集型产品、附加值和技术含量较高产品的出口退税率。取消部分钢材、化工品和粮食的出口关税，降低部分化肥出口关税并调整征税方式。
We supported efforts to stabilize exports. We increased export rebate rates for textiles, garments and other labor-intensive products, as well as high value added products with high technology content four times. Export tariffs on some steel and chemical products and grain were rescinded, and export tariffs on some chemical fertilizers were lowered and collection methods adjusted.

（四）抗灾救灾保障有力
4. A powerful effort to fight natural disasters and provide disaster relief

年初，努力保障抗击南方部分地区低温雨雪冰冻灾害，全国财政拨付救灾资金479.1亿元。加大对受灾群众临时生活困难救助力度，着力保障受灾群众基本生活。大力支持恢复农业生产、重建倒塌民房，以及修复电网、交通、教育等方面的基础设施。“5