2016考研英语：十二大基础语法体系之定语从句
1.指人的关系代词：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：
(1)作主语(who, that )
Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch. 那些参加比赛的人午饭后1：30在大门口集合。
在本句中，先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play 的主语。
The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor. 正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。
在本句中，先行词是the man;关系代词who/that引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is talking的主语。
这个复合句可以还原成两个句子：The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.
(2)作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom, that )。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略;
This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job. 这正是我要的做这份工作的人。
在本句中，先行词是the man;关系代词whom/that 引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。
Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for? 他是你在找的那位经理吗?
(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时，不能用that，也不能省略，
如：The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist. 我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。
Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago. 你刚才和他说话的那个男孩是谁?
I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming. 但是当介词放在从句末尾时，作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。
如上头两句可改为：
The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.
Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?
2.指物的关系代词which和that的用法：
(1)作主语
This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer. 这是那本教你如何操作计算机的说明手册。
(2)作宾语包括作介词宾馆。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略：
The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired. 你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修理。
The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier who fought in WWII.
我昨天晚上看的那部电影是关于一个在二战中打过仗的士兵的。(本句有两个定语从句。)
This is the bike for which I paid $ 100. 这就是我花了100美元买的那辆自行车。
The car(which/that)he went in was a black Cadillac. 他坐在里面走了的那辆汽车是一辆黑色的卡迪拉克。
The accounts of the company, (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance. 我一直非常注意的公司账目，是保持平衡的。
3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物，作定语。of which 可用whose 代替;
The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s. 那辆所有的灯都破了的汽车是我父亲的。
例：His house of which the windows (the windows of which /whose windows) were all broken was a depressing sight. 他那所有窗户都坏了的房子真是目不忍睹。
That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which ) was broken. 这就是那本封皮破了的书。
4.关系代词的格应与它在从句中充当的成分一致。特别要注意插入语，
如：Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. Peter是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes 是插入语)
At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable. 在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票。
5.关系代词作从句的主语时，从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致：
例：These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English. 这就是用英文写成的使用说明。
Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly completed and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets? 你是住在那幢刚刚竣工、有15个卧室、3个病房和4个卫生间的白色房子里吗?
So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception. 就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。
6.非限定性定语从句不用that，只用who(whose, whom)和which代表人和物;
例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week. 她的兄弟们，两个人都在美国工作，每个星期都给她打电话。
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 那些大多已经坐满了人的公共汽车被一群愤怒的人围着。
That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build, has been empty for five years. 那个塔楼空着已经5年了。建它花了500万美元。
Cricket, which I know very little about, is a very popular sport in England. 板球是英格兰非常流行的体育活动，我对它知之甚少。
The accounts of the company ,which I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance. 公司的账目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意这些账目。
7.关系副词(=介词+关系代词)：
|
关系副词 |
先行词 |
在从句中的作用 |
说明 |
|
when(=at / on / in / during which) |
时间名词 |
时间状语 |
非正式文体中，有时用that代替关系副词 |
The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed. 雨下得不是时候。
This is the computer where (=by/on which) he has stolen top-secret documents. 这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。
Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place. 这就是谋杀发生的地方。
He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired. 他没给任何解雇我的理由
This is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live. 这就是我父母以前住过的房子
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