2000年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

　　PartⅢReading Comprehension

　　Directions:

　　Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked[A], [B][C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（40points）

　　Passage 1

　　A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

　　It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.（Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

　　All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

　　How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, " according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, " It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as" a golden age of business management in the United States."

　　51.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World WarⅡbecause_____ .

　　[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal

　　[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before

　　[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors

　　[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy

　　52.The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____ .

　　[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

　　[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises

　　[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

　　[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

　　53.What can be inferred from the passage?

　　[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pried.

　　[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

　　[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.

　　[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

　　54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the____ .

　　[A]turning of the business cycle

　　[B]restructuring of industry

　　[C]improved business management

　　[D]success in education

　　Passage 2

　　Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when the are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby（particularly a boy baby）surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.

　　There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

　　For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100, 000 years even the pass 100year our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.

　　55.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?

　　[A]A lack of mates.

　　[B]A fierce competition.

　　[C]A lower survival rate.

　　[D]A defective gene.

　　56.What does the example of India illustrate?

　　[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.

　　[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.

　　[C]The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.

　　[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.

　　57.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____ .

　　[A]life has been improved by technological advance

　　[B]the number of female babies has been declining

　　[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution

　　[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing

　　58.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

　　[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution

　　[B]Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution

　　[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature

　　[D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere

　　Passage 3

　　When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right, it can hardly be classed as Literature.

　　This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, of finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them;we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.

　　Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.

　　This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?

　　59.This passage is mainly____ .

　　[A]a survey of new approaches to art

　　[B]a review of Futurist poetry

　　[C]about merits of the Futurist movement

　　[D]about laws and requirements of literature

　　60.When a novel literary idea appers, people should try to_____ .

　　[A]determine its purposes

　　[B]ignore its flaws

　　[C]follow the new fashions

　　[D]accept the principles

　　61.Futurists claim that we must____ .

　　[A]increase the production of literature

　　[B]use poetry to relieve modern stress

　　[C]develop new modes of expression

　　[D]avoid using adjectives and verbs

　　62.The author believes that Futurist poetry is_____ .

　　[A]based on reasonable principles

　　[B]new and acceptable to ordinary people

　　[C]indicative of basic change in human nature

　　[D]more of a transient phenomenon than literature

　　Passage 4

　　Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.

　　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

　　While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression." Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored, " says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee." Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild."

Last year Japan experienced2, 125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."

　　But that may have more to do with Japanese life-stvles." In Japan, " says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes（travels to and from work）and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.

　　63.In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was_____ .

　　[A]under aimless development

　　[B]a positive example

　　[C]a rival to the West

　　[D]on the decline

　　64.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

　　[A]Women's participation in social activities is limited.

　　[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

　　[C]Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.

　　[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.

　　65.Which of the following is true according to the author?

　　[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder

　　[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

　　[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

　　[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

　　66.The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that____ .

　　[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in the fact that_____ .

　　[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.

　　[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before

　　[D]the Japanese appreciate their present life