专八翻译：词语的译法

一、 词义选择
(1) 语境词
手机刷新了人与人的关系。
Cell phone has altered the relationship among people.
(2) 表意模糊的词
这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。
The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.
(3) 比喻词汇
老师答应给这几个学生“开小灶”。
The teacher promised to give these students special tuition.

二、词义转换：英语的静态性和抽象性决定其出现名词化和介词化的倾向。
(1)动词转名词
吃头两个菜时，也是赞不绝口。
You will be full of praise while eating the first main courses.
(2)动词转介词
这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。
Thus, every place, with its own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation.
(3)动词转形容词
所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并且深深地依赖着。
Therefore, everyone has become unanimously and profoundly dependent on Nature.
(4)形容词副词转名词
只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。
…leaving there living thins to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.
(5)名词转动词
大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。
People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature.

三、 词的增补
(1)语法需要：增补的词多为冠词、名词、代词、连词、介词。
面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全抛到一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。
When facing a pool of green water, you forgot all your worries and annoyance and enjoy a good rest, both mentally and physically.
在我所呆的三年半中，共有14位学生被招进了他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。
During the three and a half years I stayed at the lab, a total of 14 students were recruited to his lab, but only 5 of them got their doctor’s degrees at last.
(2)意思表达需要
世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新概念的博物馆。
The third generation museums in the world are run on entirely new concepts.
(3)文化背景解释的需要
黄鼠狼给鸡拜年。
The weasel goes to pay his respects to the hen——not with the best of wishes.
 

四、词的减省
于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。
Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.
用点画成线，用线画成平面，用平面画成立体。
With points you can make a line; with lines, planes; with planes, solids.

五、词的替代
(1)名词成分替代：用代词替代重复出现的名词(this/that/all/both/none/some/any/who/which/whose);用名词性代词替代重复出现的名词(enough/half/the former/the latter/the one);同义词替代。
另一种方法是化学方法。
Another method is the chemical approach.
(2)谓语成分替代
你说他很勤奋，他确实很勤奋。
You say he is diligent, so he is.
成绩有双重性，错误也有双重性。
Achievement has a dual character, so do mistakes.
(3)分句替代
你会来出席会议吗?假如不出席会议，请及早通知我们。
Will you attend the meeting? If not, please notice us as soon as possible.