托福IBT的Integrated Writing Task讲解(全英文版)

According to the lecture

The reading stated that

The professor made the point that/listed the points that

The lecture supports/illustrates the idea that

The lecture contradicts/refutes the idea that

Introduce Example or Reasons

Because     for example    one example is

First           for instance     such as

Add Example or Reasons

Also           furthermore     next

Another     in addition       second, third

Show Contrast between Ideas

Although            in contrast            on the contrary

But                     is contrary to        on the other hand

However            is the opposite of            while

—Quote from Delta’s Next Generation TOFEL TEST
　　4. Sample Answer
　　a. Complementarity Model
　　Complementarity model means the question in the integrated writing task requires you to complement the lecture with passage, both ideas of which are similar rather opposite each other. There is an example of this model:
　　Read the passage below in 3 minutes and then listen to the relevant recording that can be downloaded at the end of the whole article. After that, you may try to perform the writing part on your own, and then compare it with the sample answer. You may find the sample answer after the question part. Begin now.
　　The transparent front part of the human eye is a five-layer structure called the cornea. The cornea is dense and even in thickness, projecting like a dome beyond the white of the eye and protecting the iris and pupil.
　　A clear cornea is necessary for clear vision, and an injury to the cornea can pose a long-term problem. A corneal injury may lead to an ulcer, or it may leave a small area of scar tissue after it heals. The location of the injury or ulcer and the remaining scar tissue will determine whether or not there may be vision problems. The area around the edge of the cornea is not terribly important for good vision; however, if an ulcer forms at the center of the cornea, the scar tissue it leaves behind could interfere with vision. If a large ulcer occurs in the center of the cornea, it may be necessary to replace the cornea surgically in a procedure called corneal grafting, in which corneal tissue is transplanted from one human eye to another.
　　Symptoms of a corneal injury include eye pain, sensitivity to light, bloodshot eyes, a feeling that something is in the eye, blurred vision, and possibly a white spot on the cornea. The term keratitis is used to describe a corneal inflammation in which the outermost cells on the surface of the cornea die. With keratitis, the eyes are sensitive to light and they hurt, water, and become bloodshot. In severe cases, vision may be impaired.
　　To diagnose a corneal injury or ulcer, a physician will place a few drops of special liquid in the eye, turn the lights out, and shine a light on the eye while looking at the cornea through a special microscope called a slit lamp. If the surface of the cornea is broken anywhere, it will show up as a bright blue-green area.
　　Listen to the recording that you just have downloaded, and then try to finish the writing task on your own. The sample answer will appear after the question.
　　Question: Describe the causes and consequences of corneal injuries and ulcers, and explain how these problems are treated. (From Delta’s in P593-exercise 4.1A / Audio Scripts in P656)
　　Please notice the words with red, underlined, bold and inclined.　　
　　Sample answer:
　　Cornea is an important structure in human being's eyes. If it has not been protected well, it may have a vision problem. According to the lecture, there are many factors that cause this problem, such as a traffic accident, chemicals, dust or debris, dryness, allergy, infection and overexposure. These can cause vision problems in different ways.
　　Consequences of this problem can be identified in different ways, including eye pain, sensitivity to light, bloodshot eyes, and inflammation, scar tissue, and vision problems. The reading stated that if patients have gotten an ulcer called keratitis in their eyes, for example, their eyes may leave a scar tissue to cause a vision problem. Moreover, when some people have a serious problem about their corneas, their dead corneas must be replaced by a surgery.
　　The professor listed the points that treatments of corneal injury are various, including antibiotic ointment or drops, artificial tears, and wearing an eyes patch. Patients will feel uncomfortable about their eyes as they have gotten corneal injury. They may feel dry, itchy or even pain when they get this eyes problem. However, this illness can be treated by different ways until it heals.
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