新托福阅读听课笔记：题型篇之列举题

　　2)分散列举

　　分散列举的各项可能出现于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举，需要根据题干或选项定位原文，将各个选项与所对应的原文一一进行比较，在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。例如，

　　Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd, Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science, A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression the satiric method that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.

　　Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.

　　The various purposes of satire include all of the following EXCEPT

　　(A) introducing readers to unfamiliar situations

　　(B) brushing away illusions

　　(C) reminding readers of the truth

　　(D) exposing false values.

　　这道列举题的选项分布于文中各处，是一道分散列举题。其中选项(B)对应第一段倒数第二句…they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions，选项(C)对应第二段第三句：Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth，(D)对应第一段第五句：Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false。(A)与原文第一段的意思“satire并无新意，只是表达独特”相矛盾，符合题意，为正确答案。