托福阅读：TPO4(Petroleum Resources)原文及答案

　　5.The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○nearby

　　○existing

　　○special

　　○deep

　　6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?

　　○They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.

　　○They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.

　　○They waste more oil than they collect.

　　○They are unlikely to occur nowadays.

　　Paragraph 4: As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean’s continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the world’s oil and almost one-fifth of the world’s natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.

　　7.Which of the following strategies for oil exploration is described in paragraph 4?

　　○Drilling under the ocean’s surface

　　○Limiting drilling to accessible locations

　　○Using highly sophisticated drilling equipment

　　○Constructing technologically advanced drilling platforms

　　8.What does the development of the Alaskan oil field mentioned in paragraph 4 demonstrate?

　　○More oil is extracted from the sea than from land.

　　○Drilling for oil requires major financial investments.

　　○The global demand for oil has increased over the years.

　　○The North Slope of Alaska has substantial amounts of oil.

　　9.The word “sloping” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○shifting

　　○inclining

　　○forming

　　○rolling

　　Paragraph 5: Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.

　　10.According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT

　　○permission to access the area where oil has been found

　　○the availability of sufficient quantities of oil in a pool

　　○the location of the market in relation to the drilling site

　　○the political situation in the region where drilling would occur

　　Paragraph 6: Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.

　　11.The word “foul” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○reach

　　○flood

　　○pollute

　　○alter

　　12.In paragraph 6, the author’s primary purpose is to

　　○provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment

　　○describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress

　　○give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment

　　○explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills

　　Paragraph 2: Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. █As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. █Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. █Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. █

　　13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　“Petroleum” is a broad term that includes both crude oil and natural gas.

　　●

　　●

　　●

　　Answer choices

　　○Petroleum formation is the result of biological as well as chemical activity.

　　○The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites.

　　○Petroleum extraction can have a negative impact on the environment.

　　○Petroleum tends to rise to the surface, since it is lower in density than water.

　　○Current methods of petroleum extraction enable oil producers to recover about half of the world’s petroleum reserves.

　　○Accidents involving oil tankers occur when tankers run into shore reefs or collide with other vessels.