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2008高考必背英语词汇讲座 I

2008-04-19来源:
1、if only, only if

  由这两个词组引导的条件从句虽然都可以用来表示主句所需要的 "条件",但是两者在表示说话人的语义意图方面却有差异。1. only if 引起的条件状语从句,是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”,表示“只有...(才);只有在...的时候,唯一的条件是...”的意思;与if引起的一般条件句相比,它有一种增强主句语势的作用。

  例如:He will succeed only if he does his best.他只有尽力而为才能成功。I'll come only if you really need me.只有当你真正需要我的时候,我才来。Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night.只有患者情况紧急时,你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。

  if only引导的条件句,通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望,相当于as long as。它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件限制,为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情,常用虚拟语气。

  例如:If only I were as clever as you!要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!If only you had not told Tom what I said, everything would have been all right. 要是你没有把我的话告诉汤姆就好了,那样就不会出什么问题了。It is hard to avoid mistakes; if only they are conscientiously corrected, it will be all right.错误总是难免的,只要认真地改正,也就好了。

 

2、if, whether

  这两个词都是指“是否”,用来表示犹豫不定,引出包含正反两面的疑问。

  1).一般情况下两者可以替换使用,但whether显得正式一些。例如:I am not sure if/ whether the sports meet will be held tomorrow. 我不知道明天是否会举行运动会。

  2).但在引导表语从句,同位语从句,在不定式之前,介词之后及句首时,只能用whether。如:The question is whether it is worth doing.问题是这样做是否值得。We had no idea whether he had gone without Jane.我们不知道他有没有带着简一起走。He doesn't know whether to accept the offer or not.他不知道该不该接受帮助。It depends on whether we have enough time to do it. 这取决于我们是否有足够的时间去做这件事。Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他来不来与我无关。

  需注意,当if置于句首时,只能引导状语从句,表示“假如”,不能引导名词性从句。

  3).倘若引导的是一个选择疑问句,则以用whether更为妥当。若要用if引导的话,if和or not中间必须有词语隔开,不能连写。如可以说 I wonder whether/ if he has come or not. 不可以说 I don't care if or not your car breaks down, 而须将if改成whether。

  4).有时用if可能会产生歧义,如Tell me if you want the book.可有两种解释:“假如你需要这本书,请告诉我”,或“请告诉我你是否要这本书”。若用whether的话,则只能作第二种解释。

3、in addition, in addition to

  这两个词组都可表示“除了,此外,另,又,还”等意思,用来表示两个事物或动作之间的增补关系。但两者的语法功能和用法不同。

  1)in addition是一介词短语,作副词用,相当于词组as well,其后不能跟名词或其他任何成分,一般位于两个句子中间或位于句末。位于两句中时,常用一逗号与句子隔开。例如:There are many shops around the railway station. In addition, there are some newly-built hotelsthere.火车站附近有很多商店,此外,还有一些新建的旅馆。Aunt Mary gave us sandwiches for our picnic and a bag of cookies in addition. 玛丽舅母为我们去郊游准备了三明治,另外还准备了一袋甜饼。

  2) in addition to是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词等作其宾语,意义大体相当as well as和 besides。如:In addition to English, he has to study a second foreign language. 除了英语以外,他还必须学习第二外语。They have one hour to read newspapers in addition to their ordinary work. 除了日常工作以外,他们有一小时读报的时间。

4、ill, sick

  这两个形容词都有“生病的,身体不适”的意思。

  ill作上述解释时,通常在句中作表语或补语,不作定语,它的后面可接with和from表示原因。若ill 作“坏的,恶劣的,邪恶的”解时,只能作定语。如:He has long been ill with high fever.他一直在发高烧。That ill woman killed her own daughter.那个坏女人杀了自己的女儿。She became ill from anxiety.她由于焦虑而病倒了。

  sick和ill一样,可在句中充当表语或补语,但它还能作定语,保持原意义不变。它作表语或补语时,另有“呕吐,恶心”的意思。sick后可用with表示原因,用for表示“渴望”,用of表示“厌倦,厌恶”等。

  如:She got 500 yuan a month for looking after the sick man. (此处的sick不能用ill代替。)她照顾这个病人每月可赚五百元。My daughter was sick with a cold.我的女儿是因感冒而病的。He began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.船一启航,他就开始晕船了。The little girl is obviously sick for home.很明显,这个小女孩想家了。I am sick of his bad manners.他的不良举止真让我厌恶。The old man was sick of life, and wished he were dead.那个老人对生活感到厌倦,真想死了算了。

5、intend, mean, propose

  这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。

  intend:“打算,有...意向,意欲”,指经过考虑后打定主意要做某事或获得某物,常带有坚定的决心。常跟不定式及其复合结构,常用短语:intend for 打算送给/供...使用;intend...as...打算...He explained to her at length what he intend to do in the following week. 他详细地向她解释了下周打算做什么。Having always been musical from an early age, the singer seems to have been intended for theconcert stage.那位歌手有音乐天赋,好像生来就是为了登台演唱的。

  mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心,短语:mean...for 准备让...做...Everyone believed that it'll be a very suitable match because John and Julia were obviously meant for each other.每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然是天生的一对。He shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. And he meant to pay the money back.当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。

  propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。Summarizing the year'swork, the managing director in the company proposed a greater project of the next year.公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下年度更大的工程计划。Generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed.一般来说,最终所达到效果总要比计划的好或差。

6、in advance, in advance of

  in advance是介词短语,在句中作副词用,作方式状语,表示“事先,预先,提前”等意。例如:It is desirable that we should read descriptions of particular instruments in advance.我们最好是事先阅读特殊仪器的说明。The iron mine fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance.这个铁矿提前一个月完成了国家生产计划。

  in advance of是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,表示“在...前面,超越”等意。例如:In the parade, the band will march in advance of the football team. 游行中,乐队将走在足球队的前面。Galileo's ideas were in advance of the age in which he lived. 伽利略的想法超越了他所生活的时代。 

7、in case, in case of, in the case of

  in case主要有两种用法:1).用作复合从属连词,引导一个条件状语从句和表示否定意义的目的状语从句,表示“万一,倘若,如果”和“免得,以防”的意思;2).作副词用,在句中充当状语,常位于句末,通常我们可以说just in case,意为“以防万一,为了提防”。例如:You'd better take your umbrella, in case it rains. 你最好带上伞,以防万一下起雨来。It may rain, you'd better take an umbrella just in case. 可能会下雨,你最好拿把伞,以防下雨。The bus is usually on time, but start early, just in case. 这辆公共汽车一般是准时的,但是要早点动身,以防万一。

  in case of 是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,位于句首时,一般表示条件,意为“假使,万一,如果”。位于句末时,一般表示目的,表示“以防”的意思。例如:In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 万一失火的话,请按警铃。The wall was built along the river in case of floods. 该墙沿河而建,以防水灾。

  in the case of 也是一短语介词,后可接名词,代词或动名词作宾语,意思是“对于,就……来说,至于……”。例如:Poverty depresses most people; in the case of my father it was otherwise.贫穷使大多数人垂头丧气,至于我父亲,却不一样。In the case of learning English, we must practise a lot.就学习英语来说,我们必须大量练习。

8、in a word, in word, in words

  in a word 为“总而言之,简而言之”用来表示总结归纳,与in short, in brief意思相同。该结构中的a也可用one代替。例如:His condition is, in a word, becoming worse.他的状况,简而言之,越来越差。Lily is clever, polite and well-behaved. In a word, she is worth praising. 莉莉聪明又懂礼貌,总而言之,值得表扬。

  in word为“口头上”,指以口头的形式表示,而并非落实在行动上。它与in deed(行动上)相对。例如:He is a friend in word only.他只是一个普通朋友。I don't want you simply to promise me in word that you will be good. 我不想你只是在口头上答应你会好好干。

  in words为“用语言”,指用口头或书面语言的形式表示及描述,它不和行动相对,仅涉及语言文字本身。如:He never expressed his idea in words.他从来不说出自己的想法。The little boy can describe the beauty of the scene in words. 这个小男孩能用语言描述美丽的景色。

9、in charge, in charge of, in the charge of

  in charge是一用作表语或后置定语的介词短语,意为“负责,看管”。句子的主语一般应是表示人的名词或代词,charge可以有形容词修饰。例如:John was in complete charge while the manager was on holiday. 约翰在经理度假时负全责。The person in overall charge was Jones. 总负责人是琼斯。

  in charge of和in the charge of都是属于短语介词,其后都接名词或代词作宾语。它们虽然只有冠词之差,但意义却有差异。in charge of表示“管理,看管”的主动意义,因此,句子的主语往往是人。

  in the charge of 表示“被... 管理,在...管理之下”的被动意义,句子的主语一般是物,在使用过程中,也可用in one's charge形式。例如:He will be in charge of that work for the time being. 他将暂时负责那项工作。An experienced worker is in charge of the project. 一位经验丰富的工人负责这项工程。The documents are in the charge of Comrade Lee. 文件由李同志保管。

10、in favour, in favour of

  in favour是一介词短语,在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,意为“受赏识的;受欢迎的”,有被动的含义。例如:That child is clearly in favour ; she had been given an extra biscuit. 那个小孩显然很受宠爱,她多得了一块饼干。The delegation is in favour.代表团受到了欢迎。

  in favour of是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词作其宾语,构成介词短语。在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,表示“赞成,支持”和“有利于...”等意。作后种意义时,该词组可以呈in someone's favour形式。例如:The majority of people are in favour of the proposed legislation. 大多数人赞成已提出来的立法。Those in favour of the new plans put up your hands please. 那些赞成新计划的人请举手。The evidence seems to be in favour of the defendant. 证据看来对被告有利。The exchange rate is in our favour. 兑换率对我们有利。

11、in one's mind, on one's mind

  in one's mind用于表示“想着,考虑”的场合,所想着的事情不带有沉重和焦虑的含义。on one's mind用于表示“惦记,操心,焦虑”的场合,表示心中想的是重要的,严肃的或是不愉快的事情。例如:I wonder what s in her mind. 我想知道她在想些什么。I turned the question over in my mind. 我反复考虑了这个问题。She has something important on her mind. 她有重要的事情惦记着。There are too many problems on his mind. 他心事重重。

12、in time, on time

  in time有两个意思,既可表示“及时”,后常接for引起的介词短语,表示目的;还可表示“最终”的意思。例如:Preventive measures were taken in time with good results. 及时采取预防措施收到了良好的效果。I was just in time for the steamer. 我正好赶上轮船。The candle-light will in time go out of itself. 烛火终会熄灭的。You will learn how to do it in time. 你最终会学会怎样干这件事的。

  on time表示“准时,按时”的意思,in time也有这一种意思,但不常见。此外,在美国英语中,它还表示“以分期付款方式”之意。例如:All the guests were on time at the meeting. 所有来宾都准时出席了会议。In spite of our late start, we managed to arrive on time. 尽管我们动身晚,我们还是设法准时到了。The more expensive items are usually bought on time. 比较昂贵的商品常以分期付款的形式购买。