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2008高考必背英语词汇讲座 E

2008-04-19来源:
1、excuse, forgive, pardon

这三个词都表示“原谅,宽恕”。

excuse:“原谅”,指有意放过人们在社会,习俗方面的具体行为。如错误,疏忽或失职,不予以指责和惩罚。常用词组:excuse for原谅;excuse from/to do免除。如:

Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. I thought you wouldn't mind.请原谅,我没有得到你的允许就用了你的电话,我想你不会介意吧!
The meeting lasted so long that Mr. Laurence had to excuse himself to keep an appointment.会开了好久,因此劳伦斯为了赶另一个约会,不得不请求先行离去。

forgive:“饶恕,宽恕,赦免”,感情色彩较浓,表示不但放弃一切报复要求,而且打消一切复仇的心理,不再愤恨,强调主观和内心的宽恕。

She was so kind as to forgive her intimate friend who had betrayed her when she was in a great difficulty.她如此善良,竟能原谅在她处境最艰难时背叛她的挚友。
He forgave injuries so readily that he might be said to invite them.他如此爽快地宽恕了那些伤害,简直可以说,他是在招惹伤害。

pardon:“原谅,宽恕”,正式用语,指放弃处罚要求,予以赦免,尤其指由上级按法律正式赦免过失或过错。作原谅讲时,同excuse。

It became necessary to fly our lives, but we couldn't expect to be pardoned.我们有必要逃命,但我们不能指望得到宽恕。
Please pardon my asking, but isn't my text book on your desk?对不起,请问,我的课本是在你的桌子上吗?

2、easy, easily

easy作副词用时,不能与easily混淆。easy作副词用时主要用于口语和习语中,常与单音节的简单动词连用。它有“轻易地,安适地,慢慢地,小心地”等含义。如:
We often talk about reducing our costs, but it is easier said than done.我们经常谈论降低成本,但说来容易做来难。
Take it easy!别紧张!
Easy come, easy go.来得容易去得快。
Go easy here!走慢一点!

easily是在表示“容易地,舒适地”等意义的easy的基础上通过加后缀构成的副词。在表示“不费力地,毫无困难地”等意义时,相当于with ease。它还有“舒适地,流畅地,顺利地,很可能”等意义。如:He won the match easily.他轻而易举地赢得了比赛。The machine is running easily.机器运转得很好。He may easily be late today.今天他很可能迟到。 

3、each, every

这两者都表示“每个”,有时可互换,有时却不能。

1). each可作形容词及代词,而every只能作形容词,但它可与-one,-body,-thing等构成合成代词。each 用在代词或复数名词前要用介词of连接,如each of them, each of the boys; 而every则不能直接跟of 连接,如不可说every of them,而要说every one of them或each of them。

2). each通常用指两个人或物,而every则指三个或三个以上的人或物,不能指两者。如each end of the  bridge和each side of the road中的each均不能用every代替。

3). each指一个整体中的每一个,强调个体;而every着重于全体的总和,强调整体。试比较: Each has a different book. (强调各有不同。) Here every child at the age of six can go to school. (侧重整体,无一例外。)

4).every另可表示“每隔”,后接基数词加复数名词,或接序数词加单数名词,如:every four weeks,  every three months等,此种结构中的every不能用each代替。

4、economic, economical

两个词都可译成“经济的”,但含义不同。economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的“经济上的”或“有关经济学方面”的意义,一般用作定语。如:
They are faced with many economic problems.他们面临许多经济问题。
The country is in a bad economic state, so we must reduce profits.国家经济状况不佳,所以我们应减少利润。

economical则指与“节约”同义的“经济”,相当于not wasteful。既可指人也可指物,既可作表语也可作定语。如:
This is an economical stove.这是一种经济煤炉。
She is an economical housekeeper and feeds her family cheaply.她是一个节俭的家庭主妇,她全家的花销不大。

5、each other, one another

这两个代词词组都作“互相”解,较多地在句子中充当宾语。each other一般只用于两个人或事物之间,one another则用于超过两个人或事物的场合。试比较:Wagner and Strauss often exchanged gifts with each other. (指两者。)The members in our group learned from one another. (指超过两者。)

又如:They sat down opposite to each other.他们相对而坐。They were not suited to each other.他们俩不合适。We have known one another since we were children.我们在小的时候就相互认识了。这两个词组的差别目前已不是很严格,有时可互相替换。

6、effective, efficient

这两个形容词虽然都可译成“有效的”,但含义有所不同。effective指某物有一种显著的,预期的效果或是取得了预期的效果,它还可表示“有战斗力的,得力的”的意思。如:
Her efforts to improve the school have been very effective.他为改善学校而做出的努力是卓有成效的。
This machine is an effective remedy for acid indigestion.这是一种治疗胃酸过多的良药。He has become an effective assistant.他已成为一名得力的助手。

efficient主要指某人办事效率高,不浪费时间和精力等,也可指机械设备“有效率的”。如:A good leader should be both competent and efficient.一名好领导应该精明能干,办事效率高。Our efficient new machines are much cheaper to run.我们所买的高效机器运转消耗要小得多。

7、elder, older

这两个词皆是形容词的比较形式。
1).elder为“年长的”,只指人,用来比较年龄长幼,尤指兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。它只能用在名词前作定语,不能用于than引导的比较状语从句。older为“年纪较大的,较老的,较旧的”,可指人也可指物,可作定语也可作表语,能用在than引导的 比较状语从句中。
Which is the elder of the two sisters?两姐妹中,谁是姐姐?
The older of the two sisters led me into the sitting-room.两姐妹中的姐姐把我领进了客厅。

2). eldest和oldest的区别也是如此:前者表示年龄的长幼关系,后者表示年龄及时间或年代上的长久。 如: She has three children, and her eldest has just started school. 她有三个孩子,最大的刚开始读书。 It is the oldest building in our college. 这是我们学院最旧的楼。 

8、exhausted, tired, tiresome

这三个词都与“疲劳,疲倦”有关。exhausted:“筋疲力尽的,疲惫不堪的”,语气最强。形容人因劳累过度而再无剩余精力或耐力继续做某事。在句中可作表语,状语。当它形容物,如资源等时,意为“耗尽的,用光的”。
The athletes were too much exhausted to wake easily when once asleep.运动员们疲惫不堪,一旦入睡便很难醒来。
The enemy troops being exhausted and demoralized, our troops won a series of victories.敌军疲惫不堪,士气低落,我军连战皆捷。

tired:“累的,疲倦的”,普通用词,泛指由于工作紧张或其他原因导致的疲乏,在英语中,也可表示“厌倦,不耐烦。常用于下列短语:be tired of (doing) sth. 厌倦做某事。
I'm sure you must be tired after cycling all that distance.骑了那么远路,我想你肯定累坏了。
When I first got to Wisconsin, I was tired of eating such kind of food as hamburger every day.初到威斯康星时,我对每天都吃汉堡类食品而感到厌倦。

tiresome:“令人厌倦的,讨厌的”,描写毫无趣味,易让人生厌的人或事物,也指单调重复的工作使人感到疲劳。The difficulty of grasping abstract statements made my learning very tiresome.难以理解的抽象表述使我对学习感到厌烦。The lecture lasted three hours and it was really tiresome.讲座持续了三个小时,的确令人劳累。 

9、electric, electrical

1 ). electric为“电的,用电的,带电的”,指任何电动的或发电的装置,被修饰的物体本身可带电。如:  electric light, electric stove, electric piano, electric motor, electric bell。又如: Please connect the two electric wires.请将这两根电线接起来。 With this electric blanket, the grandpa won't feel cold in winter.有了电热毯,到了冬天爷 爷就不觉得冷了。

2). electrical为“电的,与电有关的,电气科学的”,指与电有关的事物,被修饰的词本身并不能带电。  如:electrical engineer, electrical energy, electrical engineering。又如: All the electrical work was done by my younger brother.所有的电工活都由弟弟来干。 He buried himself in an electrical book.他埋头读一本电学方面的书。 

10、especial, special

在表示事物不寻常,过分或特殊时,这两个词可以互换使用,只是special较especial普遍。不过,我们通常用special表示一种特别的目的。如:She paid special (especial) attention to clothes.她特别讲究穿着。That's my father's special chair in his office.那是我父亲办公室的专用椅子。These are special shoes made for John.这是专门为约翰做的鞋子。 

11、energy, strength, power

energy为“精力,活力,能量”,指人或动物所积蓄的内在或释放的活力,也指物理学上的能量。strength为“力气,力量”发挥的内在素质与体质,也可指物理学上的强度。试比较:

He has so much energy that he can work as hard as three men. (energy指精力)The successful carrying out of the work is due to his youth and energy. (energy指活力)The energy of the sun has been widely used now. (energy指能量)
All the passengers pushed the bus with all their strength, but it refused to move. (strength指力气)
As the saying goes, "Unity is strength", let us work hard together to overcome the difficulties. (strength指强度。)

power为“力,力量,能力,权力”。 它是力的总称,指各种力,如电力,动力或某事物的能力。它也可指人所具有的力量,能力,权力及势力等。当指人所具有的力气时,它与strength同义。如:
A football player needs power/strength to run with the ball. (power指体力。)
I'll do everything in my power to help that old lady. (power指能力。)
Electricity gives us power and makes machines work. (power指电力。) 

12、everyone, every one

everyone亦作everybody,只指人。它可译作“每个人,人人,大家”。在句子中,只作主语和宾语,其后一般不跟of短语。如:He spoke so slowly that everyone could understand him.他说得很慢,每个人都能听懂。I know everyone in the college.我认识学院的每一个人。

every one不仅可以指人,还可指物,即“每个(人或物),所有的”,其后可跟of短语。如:I don't know every one of them.这些人我并不是个个都认识。I have five pictures. Every one of them is very beautiful.我有五张照片,每一张都很漂亮。 

13、engaged in, engaged to

1).engaged in表示“从事,忙于”,用在连系动词be后作表语,指一种状态,介词in后接表示工作、活动的名词或动名词。如: Sister Liu is engaged in making clothes for an orphan.刘大姐正忙于替一位孤儿做衣服。

2).engaged to表示“与……订婚”,用于连系动词be, get等后作表语,用be时表示状态,用get时表示动作,介词to后接一个人的名词或代词,如: When travelling in Europe he got engaged to an Italian girl.他在欧洲旅行时与一位意大利女孩订婚了。 Shelley is engaged to Scott.雪利与斯高特订婚了。

14、except, except for, excepting

这三个词都表示“除……之外“的意思,其含义和用法有别。except是一个介词,指从整体里“减去”一部分,与介词besides(“除了……还”)相对。其后可接名词,代词,副词,介词短语等。如:
All except Comrade Wang are present.除了王同志全体都到了。
I looked everywhere except there.除了那里以外,我到处都看了。
I went nowhere except to the factory.除了去工厂外,我哪儿都没去。
His books seem to be everywhere except where they ought to be.他的书似乎放得都不是地方。

except for是一短语介词,常常用来引述一个相反的原因或细节,因而部分地修正了句中的主要意义。如:
This machine is of a new type except for a few short-comings here and there.这台机器是新型的,除了某些地方有些缺点。
Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.你的作文除了少许拼写错误外,写得很好。

excepting是分词介词,一般用于句首或not, without, always等后面,其后多接名词或代词。如:
There is nobody in the room excepting John.除了约翰外,房子里没有其他人。
Everybody must study, not excepting those who have a better grasp of Marxism.每个人都必须学习,对马克思主义懂得较多的人也不例外。
Excepting Sundays the stores are open daily.除星期日以外,这些商店每天都开门。 

15、English, the English

1). English指英国人的国语“英语”,如learn English, speak English。 the English指某种特别的英语,如the English of Shakespeare (莎士比亚的英语),the English  of the sixteenth century (16世纪的英语)。 又如: What's the English for the Chinese?(相当于the English word。) The book is translated from the English. (相当于the English original。)

2).the English还可作“英国人”解,指总称,被看作为复数名词。如: The English drink more tea than any other nation.英国人比其他民族更爱喝茶。 The English have a wonderful sense of humor.英国人非常有幽默感。 

16、exhibit, exhibition

exhibit在用作名词时,往往与exhibition混淆。其实它们的词义是不同的。exhibit表示一件或一宗“展览品,陈列品”,构成exhibition(展览会)的一部分,有时可以指小型的“展览会”。如:Don't touch the exhibits!勿摸展品!We visited an exhibit of oil painting yesterday.我们昨天参观了油画展览。

exhibition主要表示一种大型的“展览会”,如商品,珍品或艺术品展览会等,它亦可表示一种“展览”或“表演”的动作。
In Beijing they went to the art exhibition. 在北京,他们去参加了美术展览会。The country holds an economic and trade exhibition every year.这个国家每年举行一次经贸展览会。They placed artistic handcrafts on exhibition last month.他们上个月展出了手工艺品。
An exhibition match of Ping Pong will take place next week.下星期将举行一次乒乓表演赛。 

17、enter, enter into

这两者都可指“进入”。

1).enter可作及物动词,一般指进入一个具体地点或事物,如场所,建筑物等。它也可指“参加”,含有到里面去工作或学习等意思,如参加战争,军队,入学,入院等:enter the room / town / shop /  party / army / war / university / hospital。

2).enter into常用于抽象或借喻的说法中,如进入生活,谈话,讨论,解释及参加某项活动等:enter  into public life/conversation/discussion/explanation/politics。enter into也可用于特别强调深入某具体场所或某物的场合。如:We entered into a woody mountain.我们置身于一个树木繁多的山林中。Some poison has entered into his body.一些毒素已侵入他的体内。 

18、even, even though, though

这一组词十分容易混淆。

1).even是副词,作“甚至”解,用来强调语气。它在句中的位置应靠近所强调的词或短语,否则会引起歧 义。体会以下各句意思: She would not even enter my room.她甚至不进我的房间。 Even she would not enter my room.甚至连她也不进我的房间。 She would not enter even my room.她甚至连我的房间也不进来。

2).even though (= even if)和though都为连词,前者为“即使,纵使”,表示退一步设想,引导一个条件状语从句,含有不肯定的意味;后者为“虽然”,引导一个让步状语从句,表示的是一种事实。

参见下列两个例句,前一句表示一种设想与假设,后一句表示“他确实知道”的事实。 He will not tell us the secret, even though/even if he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。 He will not tell us the secret though he knows it.虽然他知道这个秘密,但却不肯说出来。