做雅思阅读 记雅思词汇：Classify（分类）题型

CLASSIFY 题型要求考生根据文章内容来确定问题中的句子属于哪一类。有时是根据人物分类，比如，文章中可能会列举几位科学家就某一问题的不同研究和发现，请你按照人物的观点来将其分类；有时是按照特征来归类，如，文章中会列出几种事物的一些特征进行对比，请你根据事物的属性特征来分类；或者，还可以根据时间、地点、事件来分类等等。总之，要按照事物发生、发展的某一个特征来分类，缕出线条，把属于同一类的句子找出来。
做分类练习要掌握这样一个要领：即先读文章后面的问题，找到分类的标准，也就是说，看题目要求你按照什么标准来分类，再去阅读找答案。假设题目的问题是按照三个人物来分类的，那么，阅读时，就要有意识地将与这三个人物有关的关键句子和内容用不同的符号标出来。这样，文章的脉络就自然地分成了三个部分，根据问题中各个句子的内容来判断其所属类别也就容易多了。又如，题目如果要求根据年代来分类，就可通过找文中的时间入手来定位要找的信息点。
但是，要注意，有的特征可能既属于A 又属于B，所以在做题时一定要认真阅读，包括题目要求，把握住关键的词语，这样才不会有疏漏。
下面，让我们一起来做sample exercise。

Sample exercise

The Nature of Things
There is something ethereal about human intelligence, something hard-to-pin-down. It's hard even to define. Is intelligence the ability to reason? Does it have to do with memory? Is it aptitude with language? With mathematics? All of the above? Plenty of folks would go so far as to say that you just can't measure intelligence. Take the man credited with creating modern intelligence testing, French psychologist Alfred Binet, who wrote: "Intellectual qualities are not superposable and therefore cannot be measured as linear surfaces are measured." This business is complex and complicated, warned Binet, not a thing, like the hundred yard dash, to have an objective outcome.
According to others, however, our picture of intelligence is perfectly lucid. Many scientists believe that we long ago deciphered intelligence testing, thanks to a pair of early-century scientists, Karl Pearson and Charles Spearman, whose work created a means of quantification.
Modern intelligence testing is coming up on its one-hundredth birthday, but unlike many of the landmark scientific ideas of a century ago, the idea of testing intelligence, though it has certainly enjoyed moments of prosperity during the twentieth century, has failed to gain a consensus of believers in the sciences. In fact, those scientists who most focus their attention on intelligence are more fractured now than ever about our ability to measure it—and our methods of doing so. Where we are, finally, is really where we've been from the outset: confronting the dubious nature of testing, its misuse and sometimes sordid history, and its uncertain future.
The first real scientific attempt to study human intelligence began in the early nineteenth century, with the strange (by today's standards) idea that the measurement of skulls revealed something of intellect.
The thinking went that the larger the skull, the larger the brain, and the larger the brain, the higher the intelligence. This idea, called craniometry, was borne from an earlier science called phrenology, in which folds of the brain were associated with intellectual properties. The theory amounted to little more than a sneaking suspicion that the brain had something to do with intelligence and psychological functions.
Until this point, the concept of intelligence had been the sole province of philosophers like Descartes and Locke, whose speculation raised many interesting questions about man's consciousness and ability to reason. But their era lacked the tools of investigation necessary to explore those ideas empirically.
It wasn't until the nineteenth century that the development of scientific tools began to bring forth an ever-expanding arsenal of gadgets and ideas with which to combat the centuries of ignorance. With these new tools came a firm belief that everything could be explained -- the formation of continents, the stars -- even human intelligence.
 

Matching the following findings (1-7) with the scientists (A-C) below.

A. Alfred Binet
B. Karl Pearson and Charles Spearman
C. Descartes and Locke

1. Intelligence cannot be measured. 
2. speculated about man’s ability to reason 
3. was the creator of modern intelligence testing. 
4. whose research helps the understanding of human intelligence
5. whose work provides a way for intelligence measurement
6. cannot have empirical evidence to support the speculation 
7. The measurement of human intelligence cannot have an objective outcome. 

 

拿到文章后，我们先看后面的问题。问题中列出了分类标准，即按照以下三个人物（人物小组）进行分类。

A. Alfred Binet
B. Karl Pearson and Charles Spearman
D. Descartes and Locke

接下来的7个句子是关于上面这些人物的描述、他们的观点以及他们的研究成果及其产生的意义等。根据这三个人物（人物小组）的分类我们来阅读文章，并且用不同的记号将关于上述人物的描述标出来。
在第一段中我们发现有Alfred Binet出现，所以我们就要把后面的这几话用特定的符号标出来，如：
A:((Take the man credited with creating modern intelligence testing, French psychologist Alfred Binet, who wrote " Intellectual qualities are not superposable and therefore cannot be measured as linear surfaces are measured." This business is complex and complicated, warned Binet, not a thing, like the hundred yard dash, to have an objective outcome.))

之后，我们又分别找到了B，C 两组任务所在的段落以及关于他们的描述：

B: ((Many scientists believe that we long ago deciphered intelligence testing, thanks to a pair of early-century scientists, Karl Pearson and Charles Spearman, whose work created a means of quantification.))

C: ((Until this point, the concept of intelligence had been the sole province of philosophers like Descartes and Locke, whose speculation raised many interesting questions about man's consciousness and ability to reason. But their era lacked the tools of investigation necessary to explore those ideas empirically. ))

根据以上我们找到的内容，就可以开始做题了。
首先，我们看第一题：
1. the measurement of human intelligence cannot have an objective outcome.
从A 段中，我们看到这样的词语：intellectual qualities, cannot be measured, this business is , not a thing, to have an objective outcome。这些词与第一题的意思相符，因此我们选A。
同样，我们从A段落中的‘this business is , not a thing, to have an objective outcome’可以推出第七题的意思，因此，第七题也应该选A。

第三题是‘the creator of modern intelligence testing’。我们在A 段的开始就看到这样的词句：‘the man credited with creating modern intelligence testing’意思就是 the man who created the modern intelligence testing, 与第三题的意思相符。所以这道题也选择A。

接下来，我们再来看第四题，whose research helps the understanding of human intelligence.’。从B段落中，我们发现了这样的语句：deciphered intelligence testing, thanks to, Karl Pearson and Charles Spearman。这里，一个关键的词就是 'deciphered'，愿意为‘破译密码’，在这里可以理解为‘帮助别人理解’。这样一来，就刚好和第四题的意思相同，因此应该选B。

同样，我们发现B段落中的另一句话‘whose work created a means of quantification.’恰好是第5题的同义说法。这里，关键是要把握住 'a means of quantification' 的意思，即，一种量化的方法，一种能够把抽象的东西具体化的方法，即可以理解为一种测量智能的方法：a way for intelligence measurement。 因此，第5题应该选B。

第二题是‘speculate about man's ability to reason。’。在C 段落中，我们可以看到这样的语句： speculation, about man's consciousness and ability to reason. 这里，我们应该找到一种小窍门：当原句中的词语与选项中的词语为同源词时，就象speculate和 speculation，就很有可能是要选的答案，当然，这也需要根据句中其它词语的意思来判断。就象这一句，我们就应该选C。

同样，在第六题中，我们看到了 lacked the tools of investigation  necessary to explore those ideas empirically. 意思是缺乏探索那些观点的实际调查，因此，这与问题选项中cannot have empirical evidence to support the speculations 即：‘无法提供支持这些观点的实际证据’意思相符。这里，可以看到empirical与empirically这样一对词也给了我们一些提示。因此应该选C。
   
总之，在做分类练习时，要根据问题将文章理出条理，并在此基础上将选项中的句子与原文中的相关语句进行比较,主要是找到同义词、近义词、同源词，从而发现句子之间的联系，找到正确答案。