2016年职称英语理工类B级阅读理解历年真题及解析

　　2013年真题

　　第一篇

　　Energy and Public Lands

　　The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing (租凭) both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.

　　In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.

　　Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.

　　Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.

　　Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems,pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.

　　Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal (地热) resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours (千瓦时) of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.

　　Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.

　　Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether.

　　31. What is the main idea of this passage?

　　A. Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.

　　B. Public lands play an important role in energy production.

　　C. Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.

　　D. Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.

　　32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?

　　A. The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.

　　B. Half of US energy is produced there.

　　C. Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.

　　D. Most energy resources are reserved there.

　　33. Geothermal resources, wind turbines, and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 cited as examples to illustrate that__________.

　　A. the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge

　　B. alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production

　　C. they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands

　　D. geothermal resources are more important than the other two

　　34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands __________.

　　A. the U.S. is demanding more and more energy

　　B. many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries

　　C. quite a few public lands are banned for energy development

　　D. many Americans think public lands are being abused

　　35. Public lands can be used for energy development when __________.

　　A. energy development restrictions are effective

　　B. federal land managers grant permissions

　　C. they go through the land use planning process

　　D. there is enough federal budget

　　第二篇

　　Putting Plants to Work

　　Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels (太阳能电池板) for decades. But plants are the real experts. They've been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.

　　Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) , and water into sugars and starches (淀粉) , stored energy that the plants can use.

　　This conversion process is called photosynthesis ( 光合作用 ). Unfortunately, unless you're a plant,it's difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That's why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.

　　Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as very small photosynthesis power stations. For example, Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden. Colo., is working with green algae(水藻). She's trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.

　　The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. "But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen."Ghirardi says.

　　For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It's the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.

　　Working in an airfree environment, however, is difficult. It's not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate (硫酸盐) from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present.

　　Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells' activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.

　　The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: "You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms."

　　36. How do plants relate to solar energy?

　　A. They are the real experts in producing it.

　　B. They have been a source of it.

　　C. They have been used to produce it.

　　D. They have been using it for billions of years.

　　37. Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to __________.

　　A. improve the efficiency of it

　　B. turn plant sugars to a new form of energy

　　C. make green plants a new source of energy

　　D. get more sugars and starches from plants

　　38. Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when __________.

　　A. they are grown in narrow-necked bottles

　　B. there is enough oxygen in the air

　　C. enough starches is stored

　　D. there is no oxygen in the air

　　39. Researchers find it difficult to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently because  __________.

　　A. removing the sulfate slows down hydrogen production

　　B. it is hard to create an airfree environment

　　C. it is expensive to remove the sulfate from the environment

　　D. the algae's cells work slowly if there is no oxygen in the air

　　40. What does Ghirardi say about algae?

　　A. They grow faster in a reactor.

　　B. They will be planted everywhere.

　　C. They are cheap to eat.

　　D. They can be a good energy source.

　　第三篇

　　On the Trial of the Honey Badger

　　On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers' movements and behavior as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal's reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.

　　"The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new," he says. "that, combined with their uNPRedictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won't be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They're actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious ( 凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare,but it does happen."

　　The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal's fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups.

　　They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.

　　Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.

　　As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals' curiosity--or a sudden aggression. The badgers' eating patterns, which had been disrupted, to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seemed to badgers' relaxed attitude when near humans.

　　41. Why did the wild life experts visit the Kalahari Desert?

　　A. To find where honey badgers live.

　　B. To catch some honey badgers for food.

　　C. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.

　　D. To observe how honey badgers behave.

　　42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?

　　A. They are always looking for food.

　　B. They do not enjoy human company.

　　C. It is common for them to attack people.

　　D. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.

　　43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?

　　A. There were some creatures they did not eat.

　　B. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.

　　C. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.

　　D. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.

　　44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?

　　A. They don't run very quickly.

　　B. They defend their territory from other badgers.

　　C. They hunt over a very large area.

　　D. They are more aggressive than females.

　　45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?

　　A. They lost interest in people.

　　B. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.

　　C. They started eating more.

　　D. Other animals started working with them.