2013年职称英语考试理工类冲刺试卷及答案(2)

Recycling Around the World

　　Recycling is one of the best environmental success stories of the late 20th century. But we could do more. People must not see recycling as fashionable, but essential.
　　The Japanese are very good at recycling because they live in a crowded country. They do not have much space. They do not want to share their limited space with rubbish. But even so, Tokyo area alone is estimated to have three million tons of leftover rubbish at present.
　　In 1996, the United States recycled and composted (制成肥料)57 million tons of waste (27% of the nation's solid waste). This is 57 million tons of waste which did not go into landfills and incinerators (焚化炉). In doing this,7,000 rubbish collection programmes and recycling centers helped the authorities.
　　In Rockford, a city in Illinois, US, its officials choose one house each week and check its garbage (废物). If the garbage does not contain any newspapers or aluminium (铝) cans, then the resident of the house gets a prize of at least $1,000.
　　In Japan, certain cities give children weekly supplies of tissue paper and toilet paper in exchange for a weekly collection of newspapers.
　　In one year Britain recycles:
　　1 out of every 3 newspapers.
　　1 out of every 4 glass bottles and jars (罐子).
　　1 out of every 4 items of clothing.
　　1 out of every 3 aluminium drink cans.
　　In 1999, Hong Kong transported 1.3 million tons of waste to mainland China for recycling. Around 535,000 tons of waste were recycled in Hong Kong itself.
　　Over half the things we throw away could be recycled. That means we could recycle 10 times as much as we do now.
　　However, recycling needs a lot of organization and special equipment. Also, there is not much use for some recycled material.
　　31. Which of the following is NOT true of the Japanese?
　　A．They live in a crowded country.
　　B．They have recycled all their waste.
　　C．They are very good at recycling.
　　D．They have to share their limited space with rubbish
　　32. How much waste did the US recycle in 1996?
　　A．1.3 million tons.
　　B．27 million tons.
　　C．57 million tons.
　　D．53 million tons.
　　33. Where can people get a big prize for contributing to recycling?
　　A．Rockford.
　　B．Tokyo.
　　C．Hong Kong.
　　D．London.
　　34. In Japan, the newspapers collected by children
　　A．are given to poor people.
　　B．are used as reading materials.
　　C．are used as prizes.
　　D．are recycled.
　　35. Which of the following is NOT true of Britain?
　　A．It recycles 1 out of every 3 newspapers each year.
　　B．It recycles 1 out of every 4 glass bottles and jars each year
　　C．It recycles 1 out of every 3 aluminium cans each year.
　　D．It recycles 1 out of every 4 items of clothing each year.

　　Superconductor Ceramic(陶瓷)

　　An underground revolution begins this winter, with the flip(轻击)of a switch,30,000 homes in one part of Detroit will soon become the first in the country to receive electricity transmitted by ice-cold high performance cables. Other American cities are expected to follow Detroit’s example in the years ahead, which could conserve enormous amounts of power.
　　The new electrical cables at the Frisbie power station in Detroit are revolutionary because they are made of superconductors. A superconductor is a material that transmits-electricity with little or no resistance. Resistance is the degree to which a substance resists electric current. All common electrical conductors have a certain amount of electrical resistance. They convert at least some of the electrical energy passing through them into waste heat. Superconductors don' t No one understands how superconductivity works. It just does.
　　Making superconductors isn't easy. A superconductor material has to be cooled to an extremely low temperature to lose its resistance. The first superconductors, made more than 50 years ago, had to be cooled to-263 degrees Celsius before they lost their resistance. Newer superconducting materials lose their resistance at-143 degrees Celsius.
　　The superconductors cable installed at the Frisbie station is made of a ceramic material that contains copper, oxygen, bismuth(铋), strontium(锶),and calcium (钙). A ceramic is a hard. strong compound made from clay or minerals. The superconducting ceramic has been fashioned into a tape that is wrapped lengthwise around a long tube filled with liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen is superconductors and lowers the temperature of the ceramic tape to the point where it conveys electricity with zero resistance.
　　The United States loses an enormous amount of electricity each year to resistance.’ Because cooled superconductors have no resistance, they waste much less power. Other cities are watching the Frisbie experiment in the hope that they might switch to superconducting cable and conserve power, too.
　　36. What is the benefit of the revolution mentioned in the first paragraph?
　　A．With a flip of swish, electricity can be transmitted.
　　B．Other American cities can benefit from the high performance cables.
　　C．Great amounts of power can be conserved.
　　D．Detroit will first receive electricity transmitted by the new electrical cables
　　37. Compared to common electrical conductors, superconductors
　　A．have little or no electrical resistance.
　　B．Can be used for along time.
　　C．are not energy-efficient.
　　D．can be made easily.
　　38. At what temperature does the superconducting ceramic lose its resistance?
　　A．-143 degree Celsius.
　　B．-263 degree Celsius.
　　C．As long as it is ice-cold.
　　D．Absolute zero.
　　39. What element enables the ceramic tape to lower its temperature?
　　A．Copper.
　　B．Liquid nitrogen..
　　C．Clay.
　　D．Calcium.
　　40. According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is NOTtrue?
　　A．Other cities hope they Can also conserve power.
　　B．Other cities hope they Can use superconducting cables soon.
　　C．Superconductors waste less power because of their low resistance.
　　D．The Fribie experiment is not successful.

Sunspots

　　It's not surprising that sunspots (太阳黑子) were observed by ancient astronomers (天文学家). The largest sunspots on the sun can be seen without a telescope. It was not until the invention of the telescope (望远镜) in the early 17th century, however, that systematic studies of sunspots could be undertaken. The great astronomer Galileo was among the first to make telescopic observations of sunspots.
　　Sunspots are regions of extremely strong magnetic fields (磁场) found on the sun's surface. A sunspot has a dark central core known as the umbra. The umbra is surrounded by a dark ring called the penumbra. where the magnetic field spreads outward. Sunspots appear dark because they are giving off less radiation. They are cooler than the rest of the sun's surface.
　　Sunspots are frequently observed in pairs or in paired groups. The members of a spot pair are identified as the leading spot and the following spot. They are identified by their position In the pair In terms of the direction in which the sun rotates (旋转).
　　The number of sunspots at any one time varies. A large spot group may consist of as many as 10 groups and 300 spots across the sun. The number of spots changes in a fairly regular pattern called the sunspot cycle. The largest number occurs about every 11 years. At sunspot minimum, there are at most just a few small spots.
　　The average lifetime of an individual spot group is roughly one solar rotation, which is about 25 days. The most persistent large spots, however, can survive for two to three months.
　　41. Careful observations and systematic studies of sunspots
　　A．were made by ancient astronomers.
　　B．started in the early 17th century.
　　C．were made by Galileo only.
　　D．could be made without a telescope.
　　42. Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the sun's surface because
　　A．they produce less energy.
　　B．they are buried in the sun.
　　C．they are far away from magnetic fields.
　　D．they are close to magnetic fields.
　　43. The leading spot and the following spot are the names of
　　A．two large sunspots.
　　B．a large spot and a small spot.
　　C．the two spots in a spot pair.
　　D．the central core and the ring around it.
　　44. If an intense sunspot activity had occurred in 1857, the next one would have been in
　　A.1858.
　　B.1862.
　　C.1865.
　　D.1868.
　　45. In the last paragraph the word "persistent" means
　　A．important.
　　B．effective.
　　C．enduring.
　　D．visible.