2014年职称英语考试《卫生类B级》冲刺试卷(三)
2014-03-26来源:和谐英语
第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分) 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
31、回答31-45题：
Memory Class
Stan Field knows what age can do to a person's memory, and he's not taking any chances with his. He chooses his food carefully and gets plenty of exercise. He also avoids stress, coca cola and cigarette smoke. What's more, at breakfast each morning, the 69-year-old chemical engineer swallows a plateful of pills in the hope of boosting his brain power.
Michelle Arnove is less than half Field's age, but no less concerned about her
memory. While working round the clock to finish a degree in film studies, the 33-year-old New Yorker had the alarming sensation that she had stopped retaining anything. "I couldn't even remember names," she says. "1 thought, 'Oh no, I'm over 30. It's all downhill from here'." Besides loading up on supplements, Arnove signed up for a memory-enhancing course at New York's Mount Siani Medical Center. And when she got there, she found herself surrounded by people who were just as worried as she was.
For millions of Americans, and especially for baby boomers (生育高峰期出生的人), the demands of the Information Age conflict with a sense of declining physical power. "When boomers were in their 30s and 40s, they launched the fitness boom," says Cynthia Green, the psychologist who teaches Mount Sinai's memory class. "Now we have the mental-fitness boom. Memory is the boomers' new life-crisis issue." And of course a major marketing opportunity. The demand for books and seminars has never been greater, says Jack Lannom, a Iongtime memory trainer whose weekly TV show,
"Mind Unlimited," goes out to 33 million homes on the Christian Network. Anxious consumers are rushing to buy do-it-yourself programs and supplement makers are trying to sell everything but sawdust (木屑) as a brain booster.
But before you get out your checkbook, a few questions are in order. Does everyday forgetfulness signal declining brain function? Is "megamemory" (超强记忆) a realistic goal for normal people? And if you could have a perfect memory, would you really want it? Until recently, no one could address those issues with much authority, but our knowledge of memory is exploding. New techniques are revealing how different parts of the brain interact to preserve meaningful experiences. Biologists are trying to understand the underlying (潜在的) chemical processes and neuroscientists (神经系统科学家) are discovering how age, stress ,and other factors can disrupt them. No one is close to finding the secret to perfect recall, but as you'll see, that may be just as well.
What does Stan Field take at breakfast?
A．Food only.
B．Food and pills.
C．Nothing.
D．A plateful of pills only.
32、What is the meaning of "working round the clock"?
A．Repairing clocks.
B．Making clocks.
C．Working with a clock nearby.
D．Working day and night.
33、Many baby-boomers living in the Information Age feel that
A．their financial status is declining.
B．their political influence is declining.
C．their physical power is declining.
D．their will power is declining.
34、Which of the following does NOT indicate people's enhanced awareness of the importance of memory?
A．More demand for books on memory.
B．More demand for seminars on memory.
C．More demand for memory-enhancing supplements.
D．More demand for coca cola and cigarettes.
35、According to the writer， the secret to perfect memory
A．has been found.
B．will never be found.
C．was found a long time ago.
D．is not in sight yet.
36、回答36-50题：
Late-night Drinking
Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee1 late in the day will play havoc with2 your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again.3"It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake，，，says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off4一 twice as long as usual 一 and jigged around5 in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine，the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body，Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.
The author mentions "pick-me-up" to indicate that
A．melatonin levels need to be raised.
B．neurohormone can wake us up.
C．coffee is a stimulant.
D．decaf is a caffeinated coffee.
37、Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?
A．Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.
B．Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.
C．Caffeine halves the body's levels of sleep hormone.
D．Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.
38、What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?
A．Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.
B．Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffeine.
C．The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.
D．The evidence that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.
39、What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove?
A．There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers' urine sample.
B．There are more melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers' urine sample.
C．Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.
D．Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.
40、The author of this passage probably agrees that
A．coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee.
B．we should not drink coffee after supper.
C．people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 am.
D．if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately.
41、回答41-55题：
Drug Reactions — a Major Cause of Death
Adverse drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide1, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
“The incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospitals was found to be extremely high,” say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.
They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies2 at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined an ADR as “any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy.”3
An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the reasearchers.They estimate that "in 1994, overall 2，216 000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs." This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.4
And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures5.
The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.
Dr. David Bates of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. "When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded,"Bates notes6, "and patients receive drugs to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency.”7 He. believes computerized surveillance systems still works-in-progress at many of the nation's hospitals8 — should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.
Researchers at the University of Toronto believe that _________.
A．ADRs have caused medical problems, though they seldom lead to death.
B．ADRs have very often caused patients to die in Canada.
C．ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 years.
D．it is easy to prevent ADRs from happening.
42、The investigators say that _________.
A．67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital die from ADRs each year.
B．67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital experience an ADR each year.
C．6.7% of all hospitalized patients in America experience ADRs each year on average.
D．6.7% of all hospitalized patients in Canada experience ADRs each year on average.
43、An American research estimates that the total sum of money spent in treating ADRs each year is as much as _________.
A．$40,000,000,000.
B．$4,000,000,000.
C．$400,000,000.
D．$40,000,000.
44、The Canadian investigators think that the ADR incidence figures from their research _________.
A．are surely very exact.
B．are probably higher than the real amount.
C．are perhaps less than the real amount.
D．are probably groundless.
45、According to Dr. David Bates, hospitals in America _________.
A．are not paying enough attention to possibilities of ADR happenings.
B．have never tried to use computers to prevent ADRs from happening.
C．do not use those drugs which will cause side effects to their patients.
D．know that many ADRs are easily preventable.
31、回答31-45题：
Memory Class
Stan Field knows what age can do to a person's memory, and he's not taking any chances with his. He chooses his food carefully and gets plenty of exercise. He also avoids stress, coca cola and cigarette smoke. What's more, at breakfast each morning, the 69-year-old chemical engineer swallows a plateful of pills in the hope of boosting his brain power.
Michelle Arnove is less than half Field's age, but no less concerned about her
memory. While working round the clock to finish a degree in film studies, the 33-year-old New Yorker had the alarming sensation that she had stopped retaining anything. "I couldn't even remember names," she says. "1 thought, 'Oh no, I'm over 30. It's all downhill from here'." Besides loading up on supplements, Arnove signed up for a memory-enhancing course at New York's Mount Siani Medical Center. And when she got there, she found herself surrounded by people who were just as worried as she was.
For millions of Americans, and especially for baby boomers (生育高峰期出生的人), the demands of the Information Age conflict with a sense of declining physical power. "When boomers were in their 30s and 40s, they launched the fitness boom," says Cynthia Green, the psychologist who teaches Mount Sinai's memory class. "Now we have the mental-fitness boom. Memory is the boomers' new life-crisis issue." And of course a major marketing opportunity. The demand for books and seminars has never been greater, says Jack Lannom, a Iongtime memory trainer whose weekly TV show,
"Mind Unlimited," goes out to 33 million homes on the Christian Network. Anxious consumers are rushing to buy do-it-yourself programs and supplement makers are trying to sell everything but sawdust (木屑) as a brain booster.
But before you get out your checkbook, a few questions are in order. Does everyday forgetfulness signal declining brain function? Is "megamemory" (超强记忆) a realistic goal for normal people? And if you could have a perfect memory, would you really want it? Until recently, no one could address those issues with much authority, but our knowledge of memory is exploding. New techniques are revealing how different parts of the brain interact to preserve meaningful experiences. Biologists are trying to understand the underlying (潜在的) chemical processes and neuroscientists (神经系统科学家) are discovering how age, stress ,and other factors can disrupt them. No one is close to finding the secret to perfect recall, but as you'll see, that may be just as well.
What does Stan Field take at breakfast?
A．Food only.
B．Food and pills.
C．Nothing.
D．A plateful of pills only.
32、What is the meaning of "working round the clock"?
A．Repairing clocks.
B．Making clocks.
C．Working with a clock nearby.
D．Working day and night.
33、Many baby-boomers living in the Information Age feel that
A．their financial status is declining.
B．their political influence is declining.
C．their physical power is declining.
D．their will power is declining.
34、Which of the following does NOT indicate people's enhanced awareness of the importance of memory?
A．More demand for books on memory.
B．More demand for seminars on memory.
C．More demand for memory-enhancing supplements.
D．More demand for coca cola and cigarettes.
35、According to the writer， the secret to perfect memory
A．has been found.
B．will never be found.
C．was found a long time ago.
D．is not in sight yet.
36、回答36-50题：
Late-night Drinking
Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee1 late in the day will play havoc with2 your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again.3"It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake，，，says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off4一 twice as long as usual 一 and jigged around5 in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine，the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body，Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.
The author mentions "pick-me-up" to indicate that
A．melatonin levels need to be raised.
B．neurohormone can wake us up.
C．coffee is a stimulant.
D．decaf is a caffeinated coffee.
37、Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?
A．Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.
B．Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.
C．Caffeine halves the body's levels of sleep hormone.
D．Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.
38、What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?
A．Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.
B．Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffeine.
C．The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.
D．The evidence that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.
39、What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove?
A．There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers' urine sample.
B．There are more melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers' urine sample.
C．Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.
D．Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.
40、The author of this passage probably agrees that
A．coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee.
B．we should not drink coffee after supper.
C．people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 am.
D．if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately.
41、回答41-55题：
Drug Reactions — a Major Cause of Death
Adverse drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide1, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
“The incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospitals was found to be extremely high,” say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.
They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies2 at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined an ADR as “any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy.”3
An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the reasearchers.They estimate that "in 1994, overall 2，216 000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs." This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.4
And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures5.
The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.
Dr. David Bates of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. "When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded,"Bates notes6, "and patients receive drugs to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency.”7 He. believes computerized surveillance systems still works-in-progress at many of the nation's hospitals8 — should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.
Researchers at the University of Toronto believe that _________.
A．ADRs have caused medical problems, though they seldom lead to death.
B．ADRs have very often caused patients to die in Canada.
C．ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 years.
D．it is easy to prevent ADRs from happening.
42、The investigators say that _________.
A．67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital die from ADRs each year.
B．67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital experience an ADR each year.
C．6.7% of all hospitalized patients in America experience ADRs each year on average.
D．6.7% of all hospitalized patients in Canada experience ADRs each year on average.
43、An American research estimates that the total sum of money spent in treating ADRs each year is as much as _________.
A．$40,000,000,000.
B．$4,000,000,000.
C．$400,000,000.
D．$40,000,000.
44、The Canadian investigators think that the ADR incidence figures from their research _________.
A．are surely very exact.
B．are probably higher than the real amount.
C．are perhaps less than the real amount.
D．are probably groundless.
45、According to Dr. David Bates, hospitals in America _________.
A．are not paying enough attention to possibilities of ADR happenings.
B．have never tried to use computers to prevent ADRs from happening.
C．do not use those drugs which will cause side effects to their patients.
D．know that many ADRs are easily preventable.
手机网站