2014年职称英语(卫生类)教材概括大意文章及练习(14)

　　A Baby’s Growth
　　1　To describe a baby’s growth, the old saying “one thing leads to another” should really read，“one thing leads to an explosion.”1 The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world.
　　2　You may notice that your baby can grab toys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other. He may even wave it briskly, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This awareness is important to his receiving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world.
　　3　If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one of Gesell’s measures of mental growth, the behavior of a baby before a mirror. According to Gesell, a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there.2 He will probably attend most to his own image and perhaps smile at it. As his image returns the smile, he may become active and vocalize. He may also look back and forth between your image and you as if the duplication puzzles him. A baby who knows his mother’s face cannot understand two of them. Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further.3 His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination.4
　　4　An early attachment to one object —a toy or a stuffed animal —is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby’s interests are going beyond himself.5 Most babies do not prefer one toy this early6, but some will. After exploring each toy, your baby may start reaching and playing with one special one. In the months to come, the toy or anything else the baby identifies with himself by wearing or carrying may become a "lovely". A "lovely" will be slept with, chewed, hugged, loved, and "talked to". These "lovelies" give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother.7 A friendly and familiar toy bear may just make him easier on himself. Rather than feeling threatened, a mother should be flattered by her baby’s extension of affection elsewhere. A baby with the heart to find a "lovey" is showing early mental resourcefulness and flexibility.
　　词汇：
　　dimension .尺度，维(数) avert 转移
　　shuttle 穿梭往返，来回交换 imitate 模仿，仿效
　　duplication 副本，复制 discrimination 辨别，区别;辨别力;歧视
　　attachment 附加，配属;喜爱 resourcefulness 足智多谋
　　flexibility 适应性，灵活性
　　注释：
　　1.To describe a baby’s growth, the old saying “one thing leads to another”should really read, “one thing leads to an explosion.”要描全一个婴儿的成长，我们应该把谚语“一事引起另一事”改为“一事引起大风波”。explosion原意为“爆炸”，此处可理解为“蓬勃发展”。此句的意思是孩子的发育成长是极为迅速的。
　　2.Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there.将你的孩子抱到镜子前面，观察他如何看镜子里的脸。watch, see, hear等表示感官的动词之后加不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。又如：I did not hear him leave.
　　3.Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further.当你的宝贝看着镜子里你那个令他不解的“复制品”时，你如果轻轻地叫他，会使他更加迷惑不解。
　　4.His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination.他转向真实的你，表明四个月的婴儿很可能具有在辨别中有所偏向的能力。His turning back to the real you是动名词短语作主语，意指转身这一动作。
　　5.An early attachment to one object — a toy or a stuffed animal — is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby’s interests are going beyond himself.婴儿早期对某物品(如一件玩具或填充动物玩具)的喜爱不仅是自我发展的标志，也是具有鉴别能力的另一标志，因为这时婴儿的兴趣已超出了自我之外。as well as的意思与in addition to相同。又如：I like literature as well as economics.本句中for是附带表示原因的连接词。
　　6.this early = so early。这里this是副词。
　　7.These “loveies”give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother.这些“受宠玩具”使孩子在不得不离开母亲时有一个独处的方法。lovey是打招呼用语，意为“亲爱的”，“朋友”。
　　练习：
　　1.Paragraph l _________.
　　2.Paragraph 2 _________.
　　3.Paragraph 3 _________.
　　4.Paragraph 4 _________.
　　A　Gesell's Measure of the Baby's Mental Growth
　　B　Growth of the Baby Through Playing with Toys
　　C　The Baby's Confusion in Front of a Mirror
　　D　Significance of Each Stage of Development in a Baby's Life
　　E　The Baby's Love for "Lovelies" Indicates Early Mental Resourcefulness and Flexibility
　　F　The Functions of a "Lovey"
　　5.The baby’s ability to sense the visual space owes to _________.
　　6.In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby is able to _________.
　　7.A　baby will smile at his image at _________.
　　8.The baby’s extension of affection should make the mother _________.
　　A　around twenty weeks of age
　　B　feel flattered
　　C　tell one hand from the other
　　D　the perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up
　　E　has preference among his toys
　　F　explore his toys