2019年6月大学英语四级模拟真题（含答案）（6）

   PartⅠ Writing　（答题时间30分钟）
　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes write a composition on the topic, “The Way to Success” based on the following outlines.
   You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

   PartⅢ reading comprehension（答题时间共40分钟）
   Section A　
　　Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one wordfor each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank isidentified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in thebank more than once.
　　Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.　
　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can 　(26)　performance at work and school. Cognitive (认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on 　(27) 　and gifts from others.
　　The latter view has gained many supporters, 　(28)　among educators. But the careful use of small　(29)　rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed　(30)　inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively 　(31)　task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to 　(32)　creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for 　(33)　achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and 　(34)　failing grades.
　　In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows　(35)　in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
　　A) mental
　　B) promise
　　C) kill
　　D) avoid
　　E) hope
　　F) especially
　　G) aid
　　H) ordinary
　　I) approval
　　J) monetary
　　K) generally
　　L) improve
　　M) challenging
　　N) restore
　　O) excellent

　　Section B
　　Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten  statements attached to it. Eachstatement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
　　A Grassroots Remedy
　　A) Most of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don't run the streets. Every one of the minstinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.
　　B) But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived ( 丧失) , I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Stratham Common, south London. These days, children are robbed of these an cientfreedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.
　　C) The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the U.S. families had moved to better housing and　the children were assessed for ADHD -- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( 多动症) .Those　whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the　same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.
　　D) A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had　less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground. A U.S. study　suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were　raised across the entire school.
　　E) Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.
　　F) Most bullying (持枪凌弱) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (柏油碎石) play ground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds mean pleasantly of Sunny hill School in Stratham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about incomers fantasizing about wildlife. The children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls.
　　G) One of the great problems of modem childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.
　　H) The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.
　　I) In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundingsim prove all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behavior are reduced when there is contact with the natural world. Dr. William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of birds, states in his study, "A natural environment can reduce violent behavior because its restorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behavior." Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.
　　J) We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favor that human beings are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep: not only do humans need nature for themselves, but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging. Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳动物) . For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with nonhuman life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stoked a cat, sat under a tree with a pint of beer, given or received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park on a nice day, understands that. We need the wild world. It is essential to our well-being, our health, our happiness. Without the wild world we are not more but less civilized. Without other living things around us we are less than human.

　　K) Five Ways to Find Harmony with the Natural World Walk: Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walk the child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb.
　　Sit: Take a moment, every now and then, to be still in an open space. In the garden, anywhere that's not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed, ever so slightly renewed.
　　Drink: The best way to enjoy the natural world is by oneself; the second best way is in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering: talk with the sun and the wind with bird-song for background.
　　Learn: Expand your boundaries. Leam five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more: and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life.
　　Travel: The places you always wanted to visit: by the seaside, in the  country, in the hills. Take a week-end break, a day-trip, get out these and do it: for the scenery, for the way through the woods, for the birds, for the bees. Go somewhere special and bring specialness home. It lasts forever, after all.
　　36. The study in Sweden shows that more access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.
　　37. The author's profound belief is that people instinctively seek nature in different ways.
　  38. It can be very helpful to provide more green spaces for children with ADHD.
　　39. Elderly people will enjoy a life of better quality when they contact more with nature.
　　40. Nowadays, people think things that can be bought are best for children, rather than things that can be found.
　　41. Dr. William Bird suggests in his study that access to nature contributes to the reduction of violence.
  42. According to a study in the U. S. Children with ADHD whose accommodation had more natural　views showed much better improvement.
　　43. Children who have chances to explore natural areas are less likely to be involved in bullying.
　　44. We can find harmony with the natural world in various ways, among which there are walking,　sitting, drinking, learning and traveling.
　　45. It is extremely harmful to think that humanity and the natural world can be separated.

　　Section C
　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
　　Passage One
　　Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
　　When families gather for Christmas dinner，some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma‘s generation.Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver，and the dress code will be Sunday-best.
　　But in many other homes，this china——and——silver elegance has given way to stoneware (粗陶)——and——stainless informality，with dresses assuming an equally casual——Friday look.For hosts and guests， the change means greater simplicity and comfort.For makers of fine china in Britain，it spells economic hard times.
　　Last week Royal Doulton，the largest employer in Stoke-onTrent，announced that it is eliminating 1，000 jobs——one-fifth of its total workforce.That brings to more than 4，000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery (陶瓷) region.Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.
　　Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing，the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts.A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company “has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend”toward casual dining. Families eat together less often，he explained，and more people eat alone，either because they are single or they eat in front of television.
　　Even dinner parties，if they happen at all，have gone causal.In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules，busy hosts insist，rightly，that it‘s better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates inthe family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a “real” dinner party.Too often，the perfect moment never comes，Iron a fine-pattened tablecloth? Forget it.Polish the silver? Who has time?
　　Yet the loss of formality has its down side.The fine points of etiquette(礼节) that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents(“Chew with your mouth closed.”“keep your elbows off the table.”)must be picked up elsewhere.Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.
　　Choose correct answers to the question：
　　46.The trend toward casual dining has resulted in ______
　　A.bankruptcy of fine china manufacturers
　　B.Shrinking of the pottery industry
　　C.restructuring of large enterprises
　　D.Economic recession in Great Britain
　　47.Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?
　　A.Family members need more time to relax.
　　B.Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.
　　C.People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.
　　D.Young people won‘t follow the etiquette of the older generation.
　　48.It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is _______
　　A.a retailer of stainless steel tableware
　　B.a dealer in stoneware
　　C.a pottery chain store
　　D.a producer of fine china
　　49.The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is _______
　　A.the increased value of the pound
　　B.the economic recession in Asia
　　C.the change in people‘s way of life
　　D.the fierce competition at home and abroad
　　50.Refined table manners， though less popular than before in current social life， _______
　　A.are still a must on certain occasions
　　B.are bound to return sooner or later
　　C.are still being taught by parents at home
　　D.Can help improve personal relationships

　　Passage Two
　　Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
　　In bringing up children，every parent watches eagerly the child‘s acquisition (学会) of each new skill- the first spoken words，the first independent steps，or the beginning of reading and writing.It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate，but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads.On the other hand，though，if a child is left alone too much，or without any learning opportunities，he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
　　Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children.Some may be especially strict in money matters.Others are sever over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals.In general，the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child‘s own happiness.
　　As regard the development of moral standards in the growing child，consistency is very important in parental teaching.To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality(道德)。Also，parents should realize that “ example is better than precept ”。If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach(说教)，their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves，and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
　　A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents‘ principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.
　　Choose correct answers to the question：
　　51.Eagerly watching the child‘s acquisition of new skill ______
　　A.can be avoided
　　B.is universal among parents
　　C.sets up dangerous states of worry in the child
　　D.will make him lose interest in learning new things
　　52.In the process of children‘s learning new skills parents ________
　　A.should encourage them to read before they know the meaning of the words they read
　　B.should not expect too much of them
　　C.should achieve a balance between pushing them too hard and leaving them on their own
　　D.should creative as many learning opportunities as possible
　　53.The second paragraph mainly tells us that _________
　　A.parents should be strict with their children
　　B.parental controls reflect only the needs of the parents and the values of the community.
　　C.parental restrictions vary， and are not always enforced for the benefit of the children alone.
　　D.parental vary in their strictness towards their children according to the situation.
　　54.The word “precept” (Line3， Para.3) probably means “_______”
　　A.Idea
　　B.punishment
　　C.behavior
　　D.instruction
　　55.In moral matters， parents should ________
　　A.observe the rules themselves
　　B.be aware of the marked difference between adults and children
　　C.forbid things which have no foundation in morality
　　D.consistently ensure the security of their children
　　Part IV Translation ( 答题时间30分钟 )
　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
　　自从理查德尼克松向癌症宣战以来已经有三十年了。其间，不少专家、学者耗费巨资试图寻找各种方法以攻克这个难题。但是今天的癌症死亡率与七十年代仍旧差不多一样高。美国妇女中死于乳腺癌患者是世界上许多其他国家的五到三十倍。在泰国每十万妇女中仅2至5人死于乳腺癌，而美国的妇女会有30至40人遭此厄运。就其原因，没有人会否认其与饮食很有关系。有些科学家认为：“每天人们摄入二至三磅食物，这是我们与环境最大范围的接触。”因此人们必须十分重视良好的饮食习惯。虽说正确的饮食习惯不能根除世界上的癌症，但它有利于减少患癌症的风险。