伦敦奥运主场馆:可轻松拆除的体育馆

Sports architects are often asked to create athletic temples that will last for decades. The new Olympic Stadium that will be on display in London over the next three weeks was designed with a different future in mind: disassembly.
通常来说，体育馆的建筑师都会被要求设计出能屹立几十年的建筑。然而，将在未来三周成为万众瞩目焦点的伦敦奥运会体育馆的设计理念则恰好相反：这座建筑需要易于拆解。

Hoping to avoid the now familiar trap of building an Olympic Stadium with little future purpose-like Beijing's spectacular Bird's Nest, which these days hosts winter sledding events and not much else-organizers of the 2012 London Games asked sports-architecture firm Populous to design a stadium that could be downsized and remade for a different future use.
2012年伦敦奥运会的主办方不希望奥运场馆在未来成为摆设──比如北京颇为壮观的鸟巢，除了曾经用来主办冬季雪橇赛事之外就基本没派上什么用场，他们要求运动场馆建筑公司Populous设计一座能够“缩身”，并可以改作他用的体育馆。

The result is a stadium with 25,000 seats that are meant to be permanent and 55,000 that can be easily removed after the Games.
按照上述要求设计的伦敦奥运体育馆拥有25,000个永久性座位和55,000个在奥运会结束后可以轻易拆除的座位。

A Poser
难题待解

Rod Sheard, senior principal at Populous, says his firm was intrigued and perplexed by the assignment. 'Philosophically, when we first heard it, we thought, 'That's really good,' ' says Mr. Sheard. 'We'd seen Beijing and seen how you do it when money is no object. Quite clearly London wasn't going to be able to do that.'
Populous首席建筑师谢尔德(Rod Sheard)说，接到这个任务时，公司不知怎么办才好。他说，我们刚听到这个要求时，我们认为它的理念真的很不错。大家都看到了北京的例子，知道了不差钱的话可以达到何种效果，不过伦敦显然不打算采用这种方式。

Architects, however, aren't wired for impermanence. 'We're bred with this attitude that your buildings last for 50 years, and the whole judgment of a building in architectural terms is firmness and delight,' Mr. Sheard says. 'That was the original Greek philosophy.'
然而，设计不耐久的东西并不是建筑师的强项。谢尔德说，建筑的寿命要达到50年，这种理念已经在我们脑子里根深蒂固了，而且从专业的角度讲，评判一个建筑的标准就是它有多坚固、有多美观，这是源自希腊的建筑设计理念。

As a consequence, he says, 'we didn't have the foggiest idea of how you go about it.'
他说，因此，对于该怎么做，我们完全没有头绪。

No Fear
打消顾虑

Populous has built a reputation as one of the pillars of modern sports architecture with prominent projects like the Olympic Stadium in Sydney, a fleet of European soccer pitches including the Arsenal club's Emirates Stadium in London, and U.S. ballparks including the new Yankee Stadium and Camden Yards in Baltimore. But it needed a whole new mind-set for the London job.
Populous设计了许多现代体育场馆，拥有极高的知名度。该公司的作品包括悉尼奥运馆、多个欧洲足球场（如伦敦兵工厂足球俱乐部(Arsenal club)的酋长球场(Emirates Stadium)）以及一些美国棒球场（如新的洋基体育馆(Yankee Stadium)和位于巴尔迪莫的金莺公园(Camden Yards)）。但是，为了完成伦敦交给它的任务，Populous需要一个全新的思路。

'We had to embrace the temporary,' Mr. Sheard says. 'Not be afraid of the temporary. It wasn't a limitation on what we could do, but an opportunity.'
谢尔德说，我们要接受临时性的东西，而不是对临时性的东西心存疑虑，这样并不会给我们能交出什么样的成绩带来限制，相反，这是我们的一个机会。

The temporary aesthetic gave Populous the freedom to 'start thinking about doing the building in a completely different way from anything we'd ever done before, even down to things like materials and colors,' Mr. Sheard says. 'Why do most of our buildings not have a lot of color in them? It's because UV light decimates colors. Architects shy away from colors because within five years they look like a faded version of what they were.' Freed from that concern, Populous could use a broader palette for the stadium.
谢尔德说，由于建筑是临时性的，Populous可以借这个机会思考如何用与以往完全不同的方式进行设计，甚至具体到材料和颜色的选择。他说，为什么我们的建筑上没有多种颜色？因为紫外线会让建筑褪色，建筑师们不愿使用色彩，因为不出五年，颜色就会变淡。由于没有这种顾虑，Populous在设计体育馆时可以使用更多色彩。

It also could save money by using 'fabrics that have a very short life span and are very reasonably priced,' says Mr. Sheard. Additional money was saved by putting fewer permanent concession stands inside the stadium and instead relying on temporary facilities just outside the building.
通过使用寿命短但价格合理的建筑材料，还可以在建造过程中节约成本。减少体育馆内的永久特许摊位，转而依赖建筑外的临时设施，这也能省下一些钱。