国防白皮书：中国武装力量的多样化运用（中英对照）

II. Defending National Sovereignty, Security and Territorial Integrity

中国武装力量的根本任务，是巩固国防、抵抗侵略、保卫祖国。中国武装力量的多样化运用，坚持以国家核心安全需求为导向，着眼维护和平、遏制危机和打赢战争，保卫边防、海防、空防安全，加强战备工作和实战化演习演练，随时应对和坚决制止一切危害国家主权、安全、领土完整的挑衅行为，坚决维护国家核心利益。

The fundamental tasks of China's armed forces are consolidating national defense, resisting foreign aggression and defending the motherland. Responding to China's core security needs, the diversified employment of the armed forces aims to maintain peace, contain crises and win wars; safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security; strengthen combat-readiness and warfighting-oriented exercises and drills; readily respond to and resolutely deter any provocative action which undermines China's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity; and firmly safeguard China's core national interests.

保卫边海防安全

Safeguarding Border and Coastal Security

中国有２．２万多公里陆地边界和１．８万多公里大陆海岸线，是世界上邻国最多、陆地边界最长的国家之一。中国有５００平方米以上的岛屿６５００多个，岛屿岸线１．４万多公里。中国武装力量对陆地边界和管辖海域实施防卫、管辖，维护边海防安全的任务复杂繁重。

With a borderline of more than 22,000 km and a coastline of more than 18,000 km, China is one of the countries with the most neighbors and the longest land borders. Among all China's islands, more than 6,500 are larger than 500 square meters each. China's island coastline is over 14,000 km long. China's armed forces defend and exercise jurisdiction over China's land borders and sea areas, and the task of safeguarding border and coastal security is arduous and complicated.

陆军边海防部队驻守在边境、沿海地区及海上岛屿，担负着守卫国（边）界、沿海海岸和岛屿，抵御防范外敌入侵、蚕食、挑衅，以及协助打击恐怖破坏、跨境犯罪等防卫与管理任务。边海防部队坚持以战备执勤为中心，强化边境沿海地区重要方向和敏感地段、水道、海域防卫警戒，严密防范各类入侵、蚕食和越境渗透破坏活动，及时制止违反边海防政策法规和改变国界线现状的行为，适时开展军地联合管控、应急处突等行动，有效维护边境沿海地区的安全稳定。中国已与周边７个国家签订边防合作协议，与１２个国家建立边防会谈会晤机制。人民解放军边防部队与俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、蒙古、越南等国边防部门开展联合巡逻执勤、联合管控演练等友好合作活动。与哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、俄罗斯、塔吉克斯坦等国每年组织相互视察活动，监督和核查边境地区信任措施落实情况。

The border and coastal defense forces of the PLAA are stationed in border and coastal areas, and on islands. They are responsible for defense and administrative tasks such as safeguarding the national borders, coastlines and islands, resisting and guarding against foreign invasions, encroachments and provocations, and assisting in cracking down on terrorist sabotage and cross-border crimes. The border and coastal defense forces focus on combat-readiness duties, strengthen the defense and surveillance of major directions and sensitive areas, watercourses and sea areas in border and coastal regions, maintain a rigorous guard against any invasion, encroachment or cross-border sabotage, prevent in a timely fashion any violation of border and coastal policies, laws and regulations and changes to the current borderlines, carry out civil-military joint control and management, and emergency response missions promptly, and effectively safeguard the security and stability of the borders and coastal areas.

China has signed border cooperation agreements with seven neighboring countries, and established mechanisms with 12 countries for border defense talks and meetings. The border and coastal defense forces of the PLA promote friendly cooperation in joint patrols, guard duties and joint control-management drills with their counterparts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Vietnam, respectively. They also organize annual mutual inspections to supervise and verify the implementation of confidence-building measures in border areas with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.

海军加强海区的控制与管理，建立完善体系化巡逻机制，有效掌握周边海域情况，严密防范各类窜扰和渗透破坏活动，及时处置各种海空情况和突发事件。推进海上安全合作，维护海洋和平与稳定、海上航行自由与安全。在中美海上军事安全磋商机制框架下，定期开展海上信息交流，避免发生海上意外事件。根据中越签署的北部湾海域联合巡逻协议，两国海军从２００６年起每年组织两次联合巡逻。

The PLAN strengthens maritime control and management, systematically establishes patrol mechanisms, effectively enhances situational awareness in surrounding sea areas, tightly guards against various types of harassment, infiltration and sabotage activities, and copes promptly with maritime and air incidents and emergencies. It advances maritime security cooperation, and maintains maritime peace and stability, as well as free and safe navigation. Within the framework of the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA), the Chinese and US navies regularly exchange maritime information to avoid accidents at sea. According to the Agreement on Joint Patrols by the Navies of China and Vietnam in the Beibu Gulf, the two navies have organized joint patrols twice a year since 2006.

公安边防部队是国家部署在边境沿海地区和开放口岸的武装执法力量，担负保卫国家主权、维护边境沿海地区和海上安全稳定、口岸出入境秩序等重要职责，遂行边境维稳、打击犯罪、应急救援、边防安保等多样化任务。公安边防部队在边境一线划定边防管理区，在沿海地区划定海防工作区，在毗邻香港、澳门陆地边境和沿海一线地区２０至５０米纵深划定边防警戒区，在国家开放口岸设立边防检查站，在沿海地区部署海警部队。近年来，对边境地区和口岸实行常态化严查严管严控，防范打击“三股势力”、敌对分子的分裂破坏和暴力恐怖活动。集中整治海上越界捕捞活动，强化海上治安巡逻执法，严厉打击海上违法犯罪活动。２０１１年以来，共破获各类案件４７４４５起，缴获各类毒品１２３５７千克，缴获非法枪支１２５１１５支，查获偷渡人员５６０７人次。

The border public security force is an armed law-enforcement body deployed by the state in border and coastal areas, and at ports. It assumes important responsibilities of safeguarding national sovereignty, and maintaining security and stability in border, coastal and sea areas, as well as entry and exit order at ports. It carries out diversified tasks of maintaining stability, combating crimes, conducting emergency rescues and providing security in border areas. The border public security force establishes border control zones along the borderlines, establishes maritime defense zones in the coastal areas, establishes border surveillance areas 20 to 50 meters in depth along land border and coastline areas adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, sets up border inspection stations at open ports, and deploys a marine police force in coastal areas. In recent years, regular strict inspections, management and control in border areas and at ports have been carried out to guard against and subdue separatist, sabotage, violent and terrorist activities by the "three forces" or hostile individuals. The border public security force takes strict and coordinated measures against cross-border fishing activities, strengthens law enforcement by maritime security patrols, and clamps down on maritime offenses and crimes. Since 2011, it has handled 47,445 cases, seized 12,357 kg of drugs, confiscated 125,115 illegal guns, and tracked down 5,607 illegal border-crossers.

民兵积极参加战备执勤、边海防地区军警民联防、哨所执勤和护边控边等行动，常年在边海防线上巡逻执勤。

The militia takes an active part in combat readiness duties, joint military-police-civilian defense efforts, post duties, and border protection and control tasks in the border and coastal areas. Militia members patrol along the borders and coastlines all year round.

保卫空防安全

Safeguarding Territorial Air Security

空军是保卫国家空防安全的主体力量，陆军、海军和武警部队按照中央军委的指示担负部分空防任务。平时，国家防空实行空军—军区空军—防空部队指挥体制，空军根据中央军委意图对担负防空任务的各种防空力量实施统一指挥。中国空防体系由侦察监视、指挥控制、空中防御、地面防空、综合保障和人民防空六大系统组成。中国已建成集侦察预警、抗击、反击和防护于一体的空防力量体系，具有以各种对空探测雷达和预警机为主体，以技术侦察、电子对抗侦察为补充的空情获取手段；以歼击机、歼击轰炸机、地空导弹、高炮部队为主体，以陆军防空兵、民兵预备役防空力量和人民防空力量为补充的抗击手段；以各种防护工程和防护力量为主体，以专业技术防护力量为补充的综合防护手段。

The PLAAF is the mainstay of national territorial air defense, and in accordance with the instructions of the CMC, the PLAA, PLAN and PAPF all undertake some territorial air defense responsibilities. In peacetime, the chain of command of China's air defense runs from the PLAAF headquarters through the air commands of the military area commands to air defense units. The PLAAF exercises unified command over all air defense components in accordance with the CMC's intent. China's air defense system is composed of six sub-systems of reconnaissance and surveillance, command and control, aerial defense, ground air defense, integrated support and civil air defense. China has established an air defense force system that integrates reconnaissance and early warning, resistance, counterattack and protection. For air situation awareness means, air detection radars and early warning aircraft are the mainstay, supplemented by technical and ECM reconnaissance. For resistance means, fighters, fighter-bombers, ground-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery troops are the mainstay, supplemented by the strengths from the PLAA air defense force, militia and reserves, as well as civil air defense. For integrated protection means, various protection works and strengths are the mainstay, supplemented by specialized technical protection forces.

空军日常防空基本活动，主要是组织侦察预警力量，监视国家领空及周边地区空中动态，随时掌握各种空中安全威胁；组织各级指挥机构，保持以首都为核心、以边境沿海一线为重点的常态化战备值班，随时指挥各种空防力量行动；组织日常防空战斗值班兵力，进行海上空域警巡、边境反侦察和境内查证处置异常不明空情；组织航空管制系统，监控飞行活动，维护空中秩序，保障飞行安全。

The PLAAF organizes the following routine air defense tasks: reconnaissance and early warning units are tasked with monitoring air situations in China's territorial air space and surrounding areas and keeping abreast of air security threats. Command organs at all levels are tasked with assuming routine combat readiness duties with the capital as the core, and border and coastal areas as the key, and commanding air defense operations at all times. Routine air defense troops on combat duty are tasked with carrying out air vigilance and patrols at sea, conducting counter-reconnaissance in border areas and verifying abnormal and unidentified air situations within the territory. The air control system is tasked with monitoring, controlling and maintaining air traffic order so as to ensure flight safety.

保持常备不懈的战备状态

Maintaining Constant Combat Readiness

战备工作是军队为执行作战和非战争军事行动任务而进行的准备和戒备活动，是军队全局性、综合性、经常性的工作。提高战备水平，保持常备不懈的战备状态，是有效应对多种安全威胁、完成多样化军事任务的重要保证。人民解放军建立正规的战备秩序，加强战备基础性建设，搞好针对性战备演练，周密组织战备值班和边海空防巡逻执勤，随时准备执行作战和非战争军事行动任务。部队根据执行任务需要进入等级战备，战备等级按照戒备程度由低级到高级分为三级战备、二级战备、一级战备。

Combat readiness refers to the preparations and alert activities of the armed forces for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW, and it is the general, comprehensive and regular work of the armed forces. It is an important guarantee for coping with various security threats and accomplishing diversified military tasks to enhance the capabilities of combat readiness and maintain constant combat readiness. The PLA has a regular system of combat readiness. It improves infrastructure for combat readiness, carries out scenario-oriented drills, and earnestly organizes alert duties, border, coastal and air defense patrols and guard duties. It keeps itself prepared for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW at all times. Based on different tasks, the troops assume different levels of readiness (Level III, Level II and Level I, from the lowest degree of alertness to the highest).

陆军部队的日常战备，以维护边境正常秩序和巩固国家建设成果为重点，依托作战指挥机构和指挥信息系统，加强战备值班要素整合，探索战区联合值班模式，推进团以上作战部队战备值班系统综合整治，以常态化运行的体制机制保证战备工作落实，形成各战略方向衔接、多兵种联合、作战保障配套的战备力量体系布局，始终保持迅即能动和有效应对的良好状态。海军部队的日常战备，以维护国家领土主权和海洋权益为重点，按照高效用兵、体系巡逻、全域监控的原则，组织和实施常态化战备巡逻，在相关海域保持军事存在。各舰队常年保持必要数量舰艇在辖区内巡逻，加强航空兵侦察巡逻，并根据需要组织机动兵力在相关海域巡逻警戒。空军部队的日常战备，以国土防空为重点，坚持平战一体、全域反应、全疆到达的原则，保持灵敏高效的战备状态。组织常态化空中警戒巡逻，及时查证异常不明空情。空军指挥警戒值班系统以空军指挥所为核心，部队指挥所为基础，以航空兵、地面防空兵等战斗值班兵力为支撑。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

第二炮兵平时保持适度戒备状态，按照平战结合、常备不懈、随时能战的原则，加强战备配套建设，构建要素集成、功能完备、灵敏高效的作战值班体系，确保部队应急反应迅速，有效应对战争威胁和突发事件。在国家受到核威胁时，核导弹部队根据中央军委命令，提升戒备状态，做好核反击准备，慑止敌人对中国使用核武器；在国家遭受核袭击时，使用导弹核武器，独立或联合其他军种核力量，对敌实施坚决反击。常规导弹部队能够快速完成平战转换，遂行常规中远程精确打击任务。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

开展实战化演习演练

Carrying out Scenario-based Exercises and Drills

人民解放军坚持把开展实战化演习演练作为推进军事训练转变、提高部队实战能力的重要抓手，注重将信息主导、体系对抗、精确作战、融合集成、联合制胜等信息化条件下作战理念广泛融入训练实践，按实战要求、战时编组和作战流程组织演练，突出指挥对抗训练、实兵自主对抗训练和复杂战场环境下训练，全面提高部队基于信息系统的体系作战能力。

The PLA takes scenario-based exercises and drills as the basic means to accelerate the transition in military training and raise combat capabilities. It widely practices in training such operational concepts in conditions of informationization as information dominance, confrontation between different systems, precision strike, fusion, integration and jointness. It organizes training based on real combat needs, formations and procedures. It pays special attention to confrontational command training, live independent force-on-force training and training in complex battlefield environments. Thus, the warfighting capabilities based on information systems have been thoroughly improved.

开展跨区训练。为提高部队快速反应能力和在陌生环境、复杂条件下联合作战能力，依托合同战术训练基地，组织任务相近、类型相同和未来作战环境相似的师旅部队，以实兵检验性演习的方式开展一系列跨区机动演习演练。２００９年，组织沈阳、兰州、济南和广州军区各１个师进行远程机动和对抗性演练。２０１０年开始，组织“使命行动”系列战役层次跨区机动演习演练。其中，２０１０年组织北京、兰州、成都军区各１个集团军首长机关带１个师（旅）以及空军部分兵力参演，２０１１年组织成都、济南军区带有关部队赴高原地区演练，２０１２年组织成都、济南、兰州军区和空军有关部队赴西南地区演练。

Carrying out trans-MAC training. To develop rapid-response and joint-operation capabilities in unfamiliar environments and complex conditions, the divisions and brigades of the same specialty with similar tasks and tailored operational environments are organized to carry out a series of trans-MAC live verification-oriented exercises and drills in the combined tactical training bases. In 2009, the Shenyang, Lanzhou, Jinan and Guangzhou MACs each sent one division to join long-distance maneuvers and confrontational drills. Since 2010, a series of campaign-level exercises and drills code-named "Mission Action" for trans-MAC maneuvers have been carried out. Specifically, in 2010 the Beijing, Lanzhou and Chengdu MACs each sent one division (brigade) led by corps headquarters, together with some PLAAF units, to participate in the exercise. In 2011, relevant troops from the Chengdu and Jinan MACs were organized and carried out the exercise in plateau areas. In 2012, the Chengdu, Jinan and Lanzhou MACs and relevant PLAAF troops were organized and carried out the exercise in southwestern China.

突出对抗训练。各军兵种强化对抗性检验性演习演练，组织实兵对抗、网上对抗和计算机模拟对抗等演习，增强训练的针对性、实效性。空军依托训练基地构设复杂战场环境，组织军区空军之间、军区空军与合成“蓝军”部队之间，开展信息化条件下“红蓝”体系对抗演习。第二炮兵开展复杂战场环境下侦察与反侦察、干扰与防干扰、精确打击与防护反击的对抗性训练，加强核生化武器威胁条件下安全防护和操作技能训练，每年安排多种型号导弹部队执行实弹发射任务。

Highlighting force-on-force training. The various services and arms are intensifying confrontational and verification-oriented exercises and drills. Based on different scenarios, they organize live force-on-force exercises, online confrontational exercises and computer-simulation confrontational exercises. The PLAAF creates complex battlefield environments based on its training bases, organizes confrontational exercises on "Red-Blue" war systems under informationized conditions, either between MAC air forces or between a combined "Blue Team" and MAC air force ("Red Team"). The Second Artillery Forces carry out confrontational training of reconnaissance vs. counter-reconnaissance, jamming vs. counter-jamming, and precision strikes vs. protection and counterattack, in complex battlefield environments. They are strengthening safety protection and operational skills training under nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) threats. Units of different missile types are organized to conduct live-firing launching tasks annually.

拓展远海训练。海军探索远海作战任务编组训练模式，组织由新型驱护舰、远洋综合补给舰和舰载直升机混合编成的远海作战编队编组训练，深化复杂战场环境下使命课题研练，突出远程预警及综合控制、远海拦截、远程奔袭、大洋反潜、远洋护航等重点内容训练。通过远海训练组织带动沿海有关部队进行防空、反潜、反水雷、反恐怖、反海盗、近岸防卫、岛礁破袭等对抗性实兵训练。２００７年以来，在西太平洋共组织远海训练近２０批９０多艘次。训练中采取有效措施应对某些国家军用舰机的抵近侦察和非法干扰活动。２０１２年４月至９月，“郑和”号训练舰进行环球航行训练，先后访问及停靠１４个国家和地区。

Intensifying blue water training. The PLAN is improving the training mode of task force formation in blue water. It organizes the training of different formations of combined task forces composed of new types of destroyers, frigates, ocean-going replenishment ships and shipborne helicopters. It is increasing its research and training on tasks in complex battlefield environments, highlighting the training of remote early warning, comprehensive control, open sea interception, long-range raid, anti-submarine warfare and vessel protection at distant sea. The PLAN organizes relevant coastal forces to carry out live force-on-force training for air defense, anti-submarine, anti-mine, anti-terrorism, anti-piracy, coastal defense, and island and reef sabotage raids. Since 2007, the PLAN has conducted training in the distant sea waters of the Western Pacific involving over 90 ships in nearly 20 batches. During the training, the PLAN took effective measures to respond to foreign close-in reconnaissance and illegal interference activities by military ships and aircraft. From April to September 2012, the training vessel Zhenghe completed global-voyage training, paying port calls to 14 countries and regions.