健康生活:你的运动超量了吗

Yet sports-medicine specialists are sharply divided over whether any warning is warranted. For every American who exercises to extremes, after all, there are thousands who don't exercise at all─and who might embrace any exercise-related warnings as cause for staying sedentary. Moreover, the evidence for extreme-exercise hazards is far from conclusive─and is contradicted by other studies suggesting the health benefits of exercise may accrue to infinity.
然而，在是否有必要就此发出警告的问题上，运动医学专家们的分歧很大。毕竟，按美国的人口比例来算，与每一名运动强度直逼极限的人相对应的是成千上万名根本不运动的人──任何与运动相关的警告都有可能成为他们继续坐着不动的理由。此外，“过度锻炼是危险的”这一说法还缺少证据，远未形成定论──而且与其他的研究结果也相矛盾，后者认为无止境的锻炼会有益于身体健康。

'It's true that the majority of cardiovascular protection comes from exercise at more moderate levels, but there is compelling evidence that there's no upper limit, ' said Benjamin Levine, director of the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine in Dallas and professor of medicine at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
达拉斯运动和环境医学研究所(Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine)负责人、得克萨斯大学西南医学中心(University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center)医学教授本杰明??莱文(Benjamin Levine)说：“有一点是确凿可信的，那就是大多对心血管的保护源自更适度的锻炼。但也有令人信服的证据表明，锻炼并没有上限。”

'I don't want anyone to read that exercise can be bad for you. added Mandrola, a passionate cyclist. 'Some folks do tons of exercise and are protected. Some folks probably have some individual susceptibility to it. I'm a big believer in short intervals of high intensity.'
爱好自行车运动的曼德罗拉补充说：“我不希望任何人将其解读为锻炼可能对人有害。有些人运动量巨大却仍受其裨益，有些人易感不适可能是由于个人原因所致。我本人就坚信，应该进行短时间隔休息的高强度锻炼。”

Sports medicine has a history of ignoring warning signs. Long after evidence emerged that over-hydrating could prove fatal to marathoners, experts continued encouraging runners to drink as much as possible─leading to utterly preventable tragedies such as the death of a 43-year-old mother of three in the 1998 Chicago Marathon. 'Why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?' asked a 2006 article in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.
运动医学界有着对警告信号熟视无睹的历史。有证据表明，补水过度可能会对马拉松选手造成致命伤害。这一发现提出很久以后，专家们还是继续鼓励跑步者尽可能多地喝水──这就导致了一些原本完全可以避免的悲剧的上演，比如1998年在芝加哥马拉松赛(Chicago Marathon)中丧生的那位选手，她当时43岁，是三个孩子的母亲。2006年，《英国运动医学杂志》(British Journal of Sports Medicine)发表的一篇文章提出了这样一个问题：“为什么这个原始证据在二十年之后才被人接受？”

Following the recent emergence of studies finding high levels of coronary plaque in marathon runners, sports medicine is debunking the myth that distance running confers near-absolute protection against heart disease. 'The thinking used to be, if you're a marathoner, you're protected, ' said Thompson. While taking seriously the growing evidence for potential risks of endurance exercise, Thompson said he isn't advising his patients against it. 'As a former marathoner, I have a sympathetic bent toward large amounts of exercise.'
新近诸多研究发现马拉松选手的冠状动脉斑块水平偏高后，运动医学界正在打破这样一种误解：长跑会对心脏病起到一种近乎绝对的防护作用。汤普森说：“过去有这样一种看法：如果你是一名马拉松运动员，你就得到了保护。”然而，越来越多的证据表明耐力运动存在潜在风险。尽管很看重这些证据，但汤普森说他并不建议自己的患者放弃耐力运动，“作为一名曾经的马拉松选手，我也偏爱大量的锻炼”。

Publicizing the potential dangers of endurance exercise could give recreational athletes an argument for resisting pressure to go longer and harder. Within the running and triathlon communities, glory is often reserved for those who go extreme distances. 'The longer you go, the more attention people pay to you, ' said Aaron Baggish, a triathlete, marathoner and Massachusetts General Hospital cardiologist.
向公众宣传耐力运动的潜在危险可能会给业余运动员一个浅尝辄止的理由，在面临需要他们跑得更远、付出更多努力的压力时会产生抗拒。在跑步和铁人三项的圈子里，荣誉总是留给那些愿意挑战里程极限的人。波士顿麻省总医院(Massachusetts General Hospital)心脏病专家、铁人三项和马拉松选手亚伦??巴吉胥(Aaron Baggish)说：“你跑得的路越长，得到的关注也就越多。”

The loudest voice warning about the dangers of endurance exercise may be that of James O'Keefe, a sports cardiologist and former elite triathlete. In his late forties, O'Keefe started experiencing heart palpitations following heavy workouts. He now believes the culprit was unrelenting exercise. An article he co-wrote last year in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings said: 'Long-term excessive endurance exercise may induce pathological structural remodeling of the heart and large arteries.'
在关于耐力运动有危险的警告声中，最响亮的声音可能来自詹姆斯??欧基夫(James O'Keefe)。身为运动心脏病专家的欧基夫曾是一名铁人三项精英赛选手，但临近50岁时，欧基夫在进行高强度锻炼后开始出现心悸。他现在认为无休止的运动是这一切的罪魁祸首。去年，《梅奥诊所学报》(Mayo Clinic Proceedings)发表了欧基夫与他人合着的一篇文章，其中写道：“长期过度的耐力运动可能会诱发心脏和大动脉产生病理结构性重建。”

As director of a decades-long project called the National Runners' Health study, Paul Williams has published dozens of scientific articles showing that running─the more the better─confers a variety of robust health benefits. But along with Hartford's Thompson, Williams just completed a study of 2, 377 runners and walkers who had survived heart attacks. Over 10.4 years, 526 of them died, 71.5% of them from cardiovascular disease. What Williams found is that the more they ran or walked after a heart attack, the less likely they were to die of heart disease─until they exceeded 7.1 kilometers of running or 10.7 kilometers of walking daily.
全美跑步者健康研究(National Runners' Health study)是一个持续了数十年的项目，该项目负责人保罗??威廉姆斯(Paul Williams)已发表了几十篇科学论文，文章均表明跑步──越多越好──给人的健康带来了种种好处。但威廉姆斯也与哈特福德医院的汤普森一起完成了针对2,377名在心脏病后存活了下来的跑步者和步行者的一项研究。在10.4年的时间里，共有526名参与者去世，其中71.5%的人死于心血管疾病。威廉姆斯发现，他们在心脏病发后跑得越多或走得越多，其死于心脏病的风险就越小，前提是他们的运动里程不能超过临界点──一天跑步超过7.1公里或走路超过10.7公里。