飞行员操作失误成旧金山空难调查重点

There were four pilots in the cockpit during the approach: the captain, co-pilot, a 'relief pilot' and a fourth pilot, who may not have been on duty at the time. None of the pilots sustained any significant injuries, said people familiar with the situation.
降落过程中驾驶舱内有四名飞行员：机长、副驾驶、接班飞行员和第四名飞行员。第四名飞行员当时可能不当值。知情人士说，四位飞行员都没有严重受伤。

After spending the night at the airport, the pilots checked into a San Francisco hotel Sunday. NTSB and Korean investigators tentatively scheduled interviews with the crew for Monday.
在机场度过了一夜后，飞行员们周日入住了旧金山一家酒店。美国国家运输安全委员会和韩国的调查人员初步定于周一对机组人员进行讯问。

The last major U.S. air accident occurred in 2009, when a Bombardier Dash-8 Q400 flown by regional carrier Colgan Air crashed on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing 50 people.
美国上一次发生严重空难是在2009年，当时地区航空公司Colgan Air运营的一架庞巴迪(Bombardier) Dash-8 Q400在布法罗尼亚加拉国际机场(Buffalo Niagara International Airport)降落时坠毁，造成50人死亡。

At a news conference in Seoul midafternoon Sunday, Asiana President Yoon Young-doo and a group of executives bowed in apology. Mr. Yoon called the accident 'regretful.'
周日下午在首尔举行的新闻发布会上，韩亚航空总裁尹永斗(Yoon Young-doo)和高管们鞠躬道歉。尹永斗称这起事故“令人遗憾”。

The airline doesn't believe the accident was caused by an engine or mechanical problem, Mr. Yoon said, but added that all facts related to the investigation would be announced by the NTSB. Mr. Yoon also said the pilots on the flight were veterans with around 10,000 hours of flying time each.
尹永斗说，韩亚航空并不认为这次事故是由发动机或者机械问题造成的，但他还说，所有相关调查事实将由美国国家运输安全委员会来宣布。尹永斗说，机上的飞行员经验丰富，每个人的累计飞行时间都在10,000小时左右。

One issue likely to come under review by investigators is the overall experience and hand-flying skills of the pilots, who couldn't rely on all elements of an airport instrument-landing system as a backstop.
调查人员可能对飞行员的总体经验和手控飞行技术进行评估，他们不能在所有情况下都依赖仪表着陆系统。

Since last month, pilots landing at the busy airport have been warned that one type of approach aid has been temporarily turned off while work is under way to improve the strip. Alternate ground-based aids were functioning as the Asiana jet descended with both engines on idle.
自上月以来，在忙碌的旧金山国际机场着陆的飞行员都一直被告知一种进场着陆导航设备已被暂时关闭，改进这种设备的工作正在进行中。当这架韩亚航空飞机关闭发动机降落时备用地面着陆导航设备正在运行。

In the cockpit, according to investigators and industry safety experts, there also should have been alerts if a landing plane is descending too quickly or its trajectory threatens to take it short of the runway threshold.
据调查人员和行业安全专家称，如果一架正在着陆的飞机降落速度过快或者其降落轨道有偏离跑道入口的风险，驾驶舱内也应当会发出警报。

If onboard flight-control and speed management systems were working normally as the safety board suggests, then 'guidance was available to the crew' about an approach that was becoming dangerously slow and low, said safety consultant John Cox, a former airline pilot and accident investigator.
安全顾问考克斯(John Cox)说，如果机上飞行控制和速度管理系统如安全委员会所说运行正常，那么在飞机进场速度和高度过低时机组是能够获得引导的。考克斯曾做过飞行员和事故调查员。

While visual approaches typically don't require any assistance from instrument-landing systems, safety experts said some airlines prefer to have pilots rely on them as an additional safeguard under nearly all circumstances.
尽管目视进场通常不需要任何仪表着陆系统的辅助，但安全专家说，一些航空公司倾向于让飞行员在几乎所有情况下都将这些系统作为安全辅助。

Investigators also are expected to examine if pilot fatigue or flight-control problems contributed to the accident, and whether air-traffic control instructions may have been a factor.
预计调查人员还将调查事故是否是飞行员疲劳或者飞行控制问题造成的，以及空中交通控制指令是否是造成事故的一个因素。

The aircraft should have been flying roughly 100 or 150 feet above the airport's surface when its tires or tail apparently smacked into a stretch of the sea wall and the jet began breaking apart, experts said. Large pieces of the tail section and scrape marks were visible near the sea wall, and both left and right portions of the landing gear were found hundreds of yards away from the main wreckage.
专家说，当这架飞机的轮胎或者尾翼撞入防波堤并且机身开始后解体时，它本应在距离机场地面大概100英尺或者150英尺的高度上飞行。防波堤附近可以看到机尾的大块残骸和刮痕，左右两侧起落架在距离飞机主体数百米的地方被找到。

Despite the Asiana jet losing both left and right landing gear, its rear bulkhead, portions of the wings and at least one engine, early reports indicated that the crew and airport emergency officials quickly evacuated most passengers, before an intense fire melted its aluminum skin and left a giant gash replacing what had been the top half of the middle of the fuselage.
尽管这架韩亚航空飞机左右两侧起落架、后舱壁、机翼的一部分以及至少一个发动机脱落，但据较早的报道称，在飞机燃起大火之前，机组和机场的紧急救援人员迅速疏散了大部分乘客。大火导致飞机的铝制外壳融化，机身中间顶部出现一个巨大的裂缝。

The Boeing 777 has had a nearly unblemished record, and previously was among a small group of long-range jets from Boeing and Airbus to have never sustained a fatality in passenger service.
波音777飞机几乎从未发生过事故，此前是为数不多的从未发生过乘客死亡事故的波音和空客远程飞机中的一个机型。

The worst U.S. accident before the 2009 Colgan crash came in 2001, when an American Airlines Airbus A300 crashed on Long Island, N.Y., shortly after taking off from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing 265 people.
2009年Colgan航空公司空难发生前，美国最严重的一次空难发生在2001年，当时美国航空公司(American Airlines)的一架空客A300客机在从肯尼迪国际机场(John F. Kennedy International Airport)起飞后不久在纽约长岛坠毁，造成265人死亡。