报告称全球男女80年后才能完全平等

Every year, the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report takes stock of where the world stands on gender parity. The newest survey covers 136 economies, most of which have been included since the report’s first edition eight years ago. The report measures the gaps between women and men on education, health, economic participation and political empowerment. Countries are compared and ranked on gender gaps in these four areas and on an index of overall gender parity.
世界经济论坛(WEF)每年都会发布《全球性别差距报告》(Global Gender Gap Report)，评估世界范围内的性别平等状况。最新的调查覆盖了136个经济体，其中大部分经济体从八年前首份报告发布起，就一直在覆盖范围内。报告评估了女性和男性在教育、健康、经济参与以及政治赋权方面的差距。各国根据这四个领域的性别差距获得排名，还分别获得一个综合性的性别平等指数。

The good news is that gender gaps, while still wide in many countries, are narrowing in most parts of the world. More than 80 per cent of the countries covered have improved. The gaps in education and health have nearly disappeared in many nations. The bad news is that large gaps in economic and political participation persist even in many developed nations. At the current pace of change, women will not approach full parity on these indicators for another 80 years. That is a huge squandered opportunity not only for several generations of women but for their families, their societies and the world.
好消息是，虽然在很多国家两性差距依然很大，但在世界大多数地区，这一差距正在缩小。接受调查的国家中，超过80%的国家成功缩小了性别差距。在很多国家，教育和健康方面的差距已接近消失。坏消息是，即使在很多发达国家，两性在经济和政治参与方面还存在很大差距。按照当前的变化速度，女性要到80年后才能在这些方面获得完全的平等。这不仅对几代女性来说是一个被浪费的巨大机遇，对于她们的家庭、社会以及整个世界来说都是如此。

To be sure, gender gaps vary enormously among nations. We find that the highest ranking country in the world – Iceland – has closed over 87 per cent of its overall gender gap. By contrast, the lowest ranking country – Yemen – has closed only 51 per cent of this gap.
应当指出的是，各国之间性别差距各不相同。我们发现，在排名最高的国家——冰岛，两性的整体差距已经弥合了87%。与此形成对比的是，在排名最低的也门，性别差距只缩小了51%。

Education is a success story for most of the world and progress is not limited to wealthy countries. Globally, we estimate that 93 per cent of the gender gap in schooling has now disappeared. In 12 countries, including Lesotho and the United Arab Emirates, the literacy rate for women is actually higher than that for men. In 35 countries, girls are more likely than boys to be enrolled in primary education. In 68 countries, more girls than boys are enrolled in secondary education. At the university level, 69 countries have more women enrolled than men.
对于世界上大部分地区来说，两性差距在教育方面的改善比较显著，且进步不仅局限于富裕国家。全球来看，调查结果显示，在教育方面的两性差距已消失了93%。在莱索托和阿联酋等12个国家，女性识字率实际上还高于男性。35个国家的女孩接受小学教育的可能性要大于男孩。68个国家接受中学教育的女孩要多于男孩。在大学教育层面，69个国家中女生人数多于男生。

The gender gap on health is even smaller. There are some notable exceptions, of course. In China, India, Vietnam and Azerbaijan, for example, female-male birth ratios are still abnormally low. In other nations, such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, Botswana and Qatar, the healthy life expectancy of women is lower than that of men. But the global trend is in the opposite direction. We estimate that 96 per cent of the global gender gap in health has disappeared.
健康方面的性别差距则更小，当然也有一些明显的例外。比如在中国、印度、越南以及阿塞拜疆，女婴/男婴出生比仍低得反常。在其他国家，比如孟加拉国、巴基斯坦、博茨瓦纳和卡塔尔，女性的平均健康期望寿命要低于男性。但全球趋势与之相反。调查显示，在健康方面，96%的全球性别差距已经消失。

This is dramatic progress, but it is only part of the story. The gender gaps in economic participation and political power remain much wider – even in many wealthy nations. These gaps also differ significantly among countries. Some of the highest female labour-participation rates are in Malawi, Mozambique and Burundi, where women make up a larger portion of the workforce than men. By contrast, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Syria have some of the world’s lowest female labour force participation rates. No country has reached parity on wages. While women hold more than 50 per cent of top management roles in the private and public sector in Jamaica and the Philippines, they make up less than 3 per cent of these positions in Pakistan and Yemen. In the US, women hold 43 per cent of these roles.
这是长足的进步，但还不是全貌。在经济参与和政治权力方面，两性差距依然很大，就连很多富裕国家也是如此。这些差距在不同国家也各有不同。女性参与工作比率最高的国家，包括马拉维、莫桑比克以及布隆迪，在这些国家中女性在劳动力队伍中所占比重高于男性。而巴基斯坦、沙特阿拉伯、阿尔及利亚以及叙利亚的女性参与工作比率为全球最低。没有一个国家实现了同工同酬。虽然牙买加和菲律宾的私人和公共部门顶级管理层中，女性占50%以上，但在巴基斯坦和也门这一比例不到3%。在美国，女性在这些岗位的比重为43%。

With rare exceptions, politics is an area where women fare poorly around the world. No country has reached parity on women in parliament except Rwanda, which is not covered in our report because we lacked other data. In Yemen and Qatar, there are no women in the equivalent of their parliamentary bodies. Norway has the highest share of ministerial posts held by women – 53 per cent – but 10 countries have no female ministers at all. No country has reached parity on the number of years with a female head of government. India ranks first on that indicator, whereas 65 per cent of countries have never had a female head of government over the past 50 years.
除了极少数例外，政治方面世界各地女性的地位都很低。除了卢旺达，没有哪个国家实现了女性在议会议席上的平等（因为缺乏其他数据，卢旺达并不包含在我们的报告中）。在也门和卡塔尔，议会中没有女性。挪威女性部长比例最高（53%），但有10个国家根本就没有女性部长级官员。没有哪个国家女性政府首脑的任期与男性实现平等。在这点上印度排名第一，而65%的国家在过去50年里根本就没有女性政府首脑。

Based on the changes we have tracked over much of the past decade, we estimate that the world will not reach full gender parity for another 80 years. And that projection may well be too optimistic, given that the countries that do not supply data on gender parity may well be those with the worst imbalances.
基于过去十年大部分时间里追踪到的变化，报告预测，世界要到80年后才能实现完全的性别平等。考虑到没有提供性别平等数据的国家可能就是性别最失衡的国家，这一预期可能过于乐观了。

There is nothing natural about the pace of change – it depends on the decisions of individuals, governments and businesses to prioritise long-term returns from gender equality over short-term convenience. So who is winning the race to equality?
变化的步伐并不是自然而然的，它取决于个人、政府以及公司更加注重性别平等所带来的长期回报，而不是短期便利。那么在性别平等的竞赛中谁是赢家呢？