国新办发表中菲南海争议白皮书（双语对照）

（二）中国始终坚定维护在南海的领土主权和海洋权益
ii. China has always been resolute in upholding its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea

23. 中国对南海诸岛的主权在20世纪前未遭遇任何挑战。20世纪30年代至40年代，法国和日本先后以武力非法侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁。对此，中国人民奋起抵抗，当时中国政府采取一系列措施，捍卫对南沙群岛的主权。
23. China’s sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao had never been challenged before the 20th century. When France and Japan invaded and illegally occupied by force some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao in the 1930s and 1940s, the Chinese people rose to fight back strenuously and the Chinese government took a series of measures to defend China’s sovereignty over Nansha Qundao.

24. 1933年，法国曾经一度侵入南沙群岛部分岛礁，发布政府公报宣告“占领”，制造了“九小岛事件”。中国各地各界反应强烈、群起抗议，纷纷谴责法国的侵略行径。居住在南沙群岛的中国渔民也在实地进行抵抗，符洪光、柯家裕、郑兰锭等人砍倒法国在太平岛、北子岛、南威岛、中业岛等岛上悬挂法国国旗的旗杆。
24. In 1933, France invaded some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao and declared “occupation” of them in an announcement published in Journal Officiel, creating the “Incident of the Nine Islets”. The French aggression triggered strong reactions and large scale protests from all walks of life across China. The Chinese fishermen living on Nansha Qundao also took on-site resistance against the French aggression. Chinese fishermen Fu Hongguang, Ke Jiayu, Zheng Landing and others cut down the posts flying French flags on Taiping Dao, Beizi Dao, Nanwei Dao, Zhongye Dao and others.

25. “九小岛事件”发生后，中国外交部发言人表示，南沙群岛有关岛屿“仅有我渔人居留岛上，在国际上确认为中国领土”，中国政府就法方侵入九小岛提出严正交涉。同时，广东省政府针对法国诱骗中国渔民悬挂法国国旗，命令各县长布告，禁止在南沙群岛及海域作业的中国渔船悬挂外国旗帜，并给渔民发放中国国旗，要求悬挂。
25. Shortly after this Incident happened, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs made clear through its spokesperson, referring to the relevant islands of Nansha Qundao, that “no other people but Chinese fishermen live on the islands and they are recognized internationally as Chinese territory”. The Chinese government made strong representations to the French government against its aggression. And in response to the French attempt to trick Chinese fishermen into hanging French flags, the government of Guangdong Province instructed that administrators of all counties should issue public notice forbidding all Chinese fishing vessels operating in Nansha Qundao and relevant waters from hanging foreign flags, and Chinese national flags were distributed to them to be hung on Chinese fishing vessels.

26. 由外交部、内政部、海军部等部门组成的水陆地图审查委员会，专门审定中国南海诸岛各岛、礁、滩、沙名称，并于1935年编印并公布了《中国南海各岛屿图》。
26. China’s Committee for the Examination for the Land and Sea Maps, which was composed of representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of the Navy and other institutions, reviewed and approved the names of individual islands, reefs, banks and shoals of Nanhai Zhudao, compiled and published Zhong Guo Nan Hai Ge Dao Yu Tu (Map of the South China Sea Islands of China) in 1935.

27. 日本在侵华战争期间曾非法侵占中国南海诸岛。中国人民对日本的侵略进行了英勇抵抗。随着世界反法西斯战争和中国人民抗日战争的推进，中、美、英三国于1943年12月发表《开罗宣言》郑重宣布，日本必须将所窃取的中国领土归还中国。1945年7月，中、美、英三国发表《波茨坦公告》，其中第8条明确规定，“开罗宣言之条件必将实施”。
27. Japan invaded and illegally occupied Nanhai Zhudao during its war of aggression against China. The Chinese people fought heroically against the Japanese aggression. With the advance of the World’s Anti-Fascist War and the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China, the United States and the United Kingdom solemnly demanded in the Cairo Declaration in December 1943 that all the territories Japan had stolen from the Chinese shall be restored to China. In July 1945, China, the United States and the United Kingdom issued the Potsdam Proclamation. That Proclamation explicitly declares in Article 8: “The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out.”

28. 1945年8月，日本宣布接受《波茨坦公告》无条件投降。1946年11月至12月，中国政府指派林遵上校等高级军政官员，乘坐“永兴”、“中建”、“太平”、“中业”4艘军舰，分赴西沙群岛和南沙群岛，举行仪式，重立主权碑，派兵驻守。随后，中国政府用上述4艘军舰名对西沙群岛和南沙群岛的4个岛屿进行重新命名。
28. In August 1945, Japan announced its acceptance of the Potsdam Proclamation and its unconditional surrender. In November and December 1946, the Chinese government dispatched Colonel Lin Zun and other senior military and civil officials to Xisha Qundao and Nansha Qundao to resume exercise of authority over these Islands, with commemorative ceremonies held, sovereignty markers re-erected, and troops garrisoned. These officials arrived at these islands on four warships, namely Yongxing, Zhongjian, Taiping and Zhongye. Subsequently, the Chinese government renamed four islands of Xisha Qundao and Nansha Qundao after the names of those four warships.

29. 1947年3月，中国政府在太平岛设立南沙群岛管理处，隶属广东省。中国还在太平岛设立气象台和电台，自6月起对外广播气象信息。
29. In March 1947, the Chinese government established on Taiping Dao Nansha Qundao Office of Administration and placed it under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province. China also set up a meteorological station and a radio station on Taiping Dao, which started broadcasting meteorological information in June of that year.

30. 在对南海诸岛重新进行地理测绘的基础上，中国政府于1947年组织编写了《南海诸岛地理志略》，审定《南海诸岛新旧名称对照表》，绘制标有南海断续线的《南海诸岛位置图》。1948年2月，中国政府公布《中华民国行政区域图》，包括《南海诸岛位置图》。
30. On the basis of a new round of geographical survey of Nanhai Zhudao, the Chinese government commissioned in 1947 the compilation of Nan Hai Zhu Dao Di Li Zhi Lüe (A Brief Account of the Geography of the South China Sea Islands), reviewed and approved Nan Hai Zhu Dao Xin Jiu Ming Cheng Dui Zhao Biao (Comparison Table on the Old and New Names of the South China Sea Islands), and drew Nan Hai Zhu Dao Wei Zhi Tu (Location Map of the South China Sea Islands) on which the dotted line is marked. In February 1948, the Chinese government officially published Zhong Hua Min Guo Xing Zheng Qu Yu Tu (Map of the Administrative Districts of the Republic of China) including Nan Hai Zhu Dao Wei Zhi Tu (Location Map of the South China Sea Islands).

31. 1949年6月，中国政府颁布《海南特区行政长官公署组织条例》，把“海南岛、东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛及其他附属岛屿”划入海南特区。
31. In June 1949, the Chinese government promulgated Hai Nan Te Qu Xing Zheng Zhang Guan Gong Shu Zu Zhi Tiao Li (Regulations on the Organization of the Office of the Chief Executive of the Hainan Special District), which placed Hainan Dao, Dongsha Qundao, Xisha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and some other islands under the jurisdiction of the Hainan Special District.

32. 中华人民共和国1949年10月1日成立后，多次重申并采取立法、行政设治、外交交涉等措施进一步维护对南海诸岛的主权和在南海的相关权益。中国对南海诸岛及相关海域的巡逻执法、资源开发和科学考察等活动从未中断过。
32. Since its founding on 1 October 1949, the People’s Republic of China has repeatedly reiterated and further upheld its sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao and relevant rights and interests in the South China Sea by measures such as adopting legislations, establishing administration and making diplomatic representations. China has never ceased carrying out activities such as patrolling and law enforcement, resources development and scientific survey on Nanhai Zhudao and in the South China Sea.

33. 1951年8月，中国外交部长周恩来发表《关于美英对日和约草案及旧金山会议的声明》指出，“西沙群岛和南威岛正如整个南沙群岛及中沙群岛、东沙群岛一样，向为中国领土，在日本帝国主义发动侵略战争时虽曾一度沦陷，但日本投降后已为当时中国政府全部接收”，“中华人民共和国在南威岛和西沙群岛之不可侵犯的主权，不论美英对日和约草案有无规定及如何规定，均不受任何影响”。
33. In August 1951, Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai, in his Statement on the United States-British Draft Peace Treaty with Japan and the San Francisco Conference, pointed out that “as a matter of fact, just like all the Nan Sha Islands, Chung Sha Islands and Tung Sha Islands, Si Sha Islands (the Paracel Islands) and Nan Wei Island (Spratly Island) have always been China’s territory, occupied by Japan for some time during the war of aggression waged by Japanese imperialism, they were all taken over by the then Chinese Government, following Japan’s surrender”, “Whether or not the United States-British Draft Treaty contains provisions on this subject and no matter how these provisions are worded, the inviolable sovereignty of the People’s Republic of China over Nan Wei Island (Spratly Island) and Si Sha Islands (the Paracel Islands) will not be in any way affected.”

34. 1958年9月，中国发布《中华人民共和国政府关于领海的声明》，明确规定中国领海宽度为12海里，采用直线基线方法划定领海基线，上述规定适用于中华人民共和国的一切领土，包括“东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛以及其他属于中国的岛屿”。
34. In September 1958, China promulgated the Declaration of the Government of the People’s Republic of China on China’s Territorial Sea, explicitly providing that the breadth of China’s territorial sea shall be twelve nautical miles, that the straight baselines method shall be employed to determine the baselines of territorial sea and that such provisions shall apply to all territories of the People’s Republic of China, including “Dongsha Qundao, Xisha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and all the other islands belonging to China”.

35. 1959年3月，中国政府在西沙群岛的永兴岛设立“西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处”；1969年3月，该“办事处”改称“广东省西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛革命委员会”；1981年10月，恢复“西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处”的称谓。
35. In March 1959, the Chinese government set up, on Yongxing Dao of Xisha Qundao, the Office of Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao. In March 1969, the Office was renamed the Revolutionary Committee of Xisha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao and Nansha Qundao of Guangdong Province. In October 1981, the name of the Office of Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao was restored.

36. 1983年4月，中国地名委员会受权公布南海诸岛部分标准地名，总计287个。
36. In April 1983, China Committee on Geographical Names was authorized to publish 287 standard geographical names for part of Nanhai Zhudao.

37. 1984年5月，第六届全国人民代表大会第二次会议决定设立海南行政区，管辖范围包括西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛的岛礁及其海域。
37. In May 1984, the Sixth National People’s Congress decided at its Second Session to establish the Hainan Administrative District with jurisdiction over Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao and the relevant maritime areas, among others.

38. 1988年4月，第七届全国人民代表大会第一次会议决定设立海南省，管辖范围包括西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛的岛礁及其海域。
38. In April 1988, the Seventh National People’s Congress decided at its First Session to establish Hainan Province with jurisdiction over Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao and the relevant maritime areas, among others.

39. 1992年2月，中国颁布《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》，确立了中国领海和毗连区的基本法律制度，并明确规定：“中华人民共和国的陆地领土包括……东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛以及其他一切属于中华人民共和国的岛屿”。1996年5月，第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十九次会议决定，批准《联合国海洋法公约》，同时声明“中华人民共和国重申对1992年2月25日颁布的《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》第2条所列各群岛及岛屿的主权。”
39. In February 1992, China promulgated the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, establishing China’s basic system of territorial sea and contiguous zone. This Law explicitly states: “The land territory of the People’s Republic of China includes […] Dongsha Qundao; Xisha Qundao; Zhongsha Qundao; Nansha Qundao; as well as all the other islands belonging to the People’s Republic of China.” In May 1996, the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People’s Congress made the decision at its Nineteenth Session to ratify UNCLOS, and at the same time declared that, “The People’s Republic of China reaffirms its sovereignty over all its archipelagoes and islands as listed in Article 2 of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone which was promulgated on 25 February 1992.”

40. 1996年5月，中国政府宣布中国大陆沿海由山东高角至海南岛峻壁角49个领海基点和由直线相连的领海基线，以及西沙群岛28个领海基点和由直线相连的基线，并宣布将另行公布其余领海基线。
40. In May 1996, the Chinese government announced the baselines of the part of the territorial sea adjacent to the mainland which are composed of all the straight lines joining the 49 adjacent base points from Gaojiao of Shandong to Junbijiao of Hainan Dao, as well as the baselines of the territorial sea adjacent to Xisha Qundao which are composed of all the straight lines joining the 28 adjacent base points, and declared it would announce the remaining baselines of the territorial sea at another time.

41. 1998年6月，中国颁布《中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法》，确立了中国专属经济区和大陆架的基本法律制度，并明确规定：“本法的规定不影响中华人民共和国享有的历史性权利”。
41. In June 1998, China promulgated the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf, establishing China’s basic system of exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. This Law explicitly states: “The provisions in this Law shall not affect the historic rights that the People’s Republic of China enjoys.”

42. 2012年6月，国务院批准撤销海南省西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处，设立地级三沙市，管辖西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛的岛礁及其海域。
42. In June 2012, the State Council approved the abolition of the Office of Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao and the simultaneous establishment of prefecture-level Sansha City with jurisdiction over Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao and the relevant waters.

43. 中国高度重视南海生态和渔业资源保护。自1999年起，中国实施南海伏季休渔制度。截至2015年底，中国在南海共建成国家级水生生物自然保护区6处，省级水生生物自然保护区6处，总面积达269万公顷；国家级水产种质资源保护区7处，总面积达128万公顷。
43. China attaches great importance to ecological and fishery resource preservation in the South China Sea. In 1999, China began to enforce summer fishing moratorium in the South China Sea and has done so since that time. By the end of 2015, China had established six national aquatic biological nature reserves and six such reserves at provincial level, covering a total area of 2.69 million hectares, as well as seven national aquatic germplasm resources conservation areas with a total area of 1.28 million hectares.

44. 自20世纪50年代以来，中国台湾当局一直驻守在南沙群岛太平岛，设有民事服务管理机构，并对岛上自然资源进行开发利用。
44. Since the 1950s, the Taiwan authorities of China have maintained a military presence on Taiping Dao of Nansha Qundao. For a long time, they have also maintained civil service and administration bodies and carried out natural resources development on the island.

（三）中国对南海诸岛的主权得到国际社会广泛承认
iii. China’s sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao is widely acknowledged in the international community

45. 第二次世界大战结束后，中国收复南海诸岛并恢复行使主权，世界上许多国家都承认南海诸岛是中国领土。
45. After the end of the Second World War, China recovered and resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao. Many countries recognize that Nanhai Zhudao are part of China’s territory.

46. 1951年，旧金山对日和约会议规定日本放弃对南沙群岛和西沙群岛的一切权利、权利名义与要求。1952年，日本政府正式表示放弃对台湾、澎湖列岛以及南沙群岛、西沙群岛之一切权利、权利名义与要求。同年，由时任日本外务大臣冈崎胜男亲笔签字推荐的《标准世界地图集》第十五图《东南亚图》，把和约规定日本必须放弃的西沙、南沙群岛及东沙、中沙群岛全部标绘属于中国。
46. In 1951, it was decided at the San Francisco Peace Conference that Japan would renounce all right, title and claim to Nansha Qundao and Xisha Qundao. In 1952, the Japanese government officially stated that it had renounced all right, title, and claim to Taiwan, Penghu, as well as Nansha Qundao and Xisha Qundao. In the same year, Xisha Qundao and Nansha Qundao, which Japan renounced under the San Francisco Peace Treaty, together with Dongsha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao, were all marked as belonging to China on the 15th map, Southeast Asia, of the Standard World Atlas recommended by the then Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuo Okazaki with his signature.

47. 1955年10月，国际民航组织在马尼拉召开会议，美国、英国、法国、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、泰国、菲律宾、南越和中国台湾当局派代表出席，菲律宾代表为会议主席，法国代表为副主席。会议通过的第24号决议要求中国台湾当局在南沙群岛加强气象观测，而会上没有任何一个代表对此提出异议或保留。
47. In October 1955, the International Civil Aviation Organization held a conference in Manila, which was attended by representatives from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, the Philippines, the authorities from South Vietnam and China’s Taiwan authorities. The Filipino and French representatives served as chair and vice chair respectively. It was requested in Resolution No. 24 adopted at the conference that China’s Taiwan authorities should enhance meteorological observation on Nansha Qundao, and no opposition or reservation was registered.

48. 1958年9月4日，中国政府发布《中华人民共和国政府关于领海的声明》，宣布中国的领海宽度为12海里，明确指出：“这项规定适用于中华人民共和国的一切领土，包括……东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛以及其他属于中国的岛屿。”9月14日，越南政府总理范文同照会中国国务院总理周恩来郑重表示，“越南民主共和国政府承认和赞同中华人民共和国政府1958年9月4日关于领海决定的声明”，“越南民主共和国政府尊重这项决定”。
48. On 4 September 1958, the Chinese government promulgated the Declaration of the Government of the People’s Republic of China on China’s Territorial Sea, proclaiming a twelve-nautical-mile territorial sea breadth, and stipulating that, “This provision applies to all territories of the People’s Republic of China, including [...] Dongsha Qundao, Xisha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao, Nansha Qundao, and all other islands belonging to China.” On 14 September, Prime Minister Pham Van Dong of the Vietnamese government sent a diplomatic note to Zhou Enlai, Premier of the State Council of China, solemnly stating that “the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam recognizes and supports the declaration of the government of the People’s Republic of China on its decision concerning China’s territorial sea made on 4 September 1958” and “the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam respects this decision.”

49. 1956年8月，美国驻台机构一等秘书韦士德向中国台湾当局口头申请，美军人员拟前往黄岩岛、双子群礁、景宏岛、鸿庥岛、南威岛等中沙和南沙群岛岛礁进行地形测量。中国台湾当局随后同意了美方的申请。
49. In August 1956, First Secretary Donald E. Webster of the United States institution in Taiwan made an oral request to China’s Taiwan authorities for permission for the United States military personnel to conduct geodetic survey in Huangyan Dao, Shuangzi Qunjiao, Jinghong Dao, Hongxiu Dao and Nanwei Dao of Zhongsha Qundao and Nansha Qundao. China’s Taiwan authorities later approved the above request.

50. 1960年12月，美国政府致函中国台湾当局，“请求准许”美军事人员赴南沙群岛双子群礁、景宏岛、南威岛进行实地测量。中国台湾当局批准了上述申请。
50. In December 1960, the United States government sent a letter to China’s Taiwan authorities to “request permission be granted” for its military personnel to carry out survey at Shuangzi Qunjiao, Jinghong Dao and Nanwei Dao of Nansha Qundao. China’s Taiwan authorities approved this application.

51. 1972年，在《中华人民共和国政府与日本国政府联合声明》中，日本重申坚持遵循《波茨坦公告》第8条规定。
51. In 1972, Japan reiterated its adherence to the terms of Article 8 of the Potsdam Proclamation in the Joint Communiqué of the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of Japan.

52. 据法新社报道，1974年2月4日，时任印度尼西亚外长马利克表示，“如果我们看一看现在发行的地图，就可以从图上看到帕拉塞尔群岛（西沙群岛）和斯普拉特利群岛（南沙群岛）都是属于中国的”；由于我们承认只存在一个中国，“这意味着，对我们来讲，这些群岛属于中华人民共和国”。
52. It was reported by AFP that, on 4 February 1974, the then Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik stated that, “si nous regardons les cartes actuelles, elles montrent que les deux archipels des Paracels [Xisha Qundao] et des Spratleys [Nansha Qundao] appartiennent à la Chine”, and that because we recognize the existence of only one China, “cela signifie que, pour nous, ces archipels appartiennent à la République populaire de Chine”.

53. 1987年3月17日至4月1日，联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会第14次会议讨论了该委员会秘书处提交的《全球海平面观测系统实施计划1985－1990》（IOC/INF－663 REV）。该文件建议将西沙群岛和南沙群岛纳入全球海平面观测系统，并将这两个群岛明文列属“中华人民共和国”。为执行该计划，中国政府被委任建设5个海洋观测站，包括南沙群岛和西沙群岛上各1个。
53. The 14th Assembly of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, held from 17 March to 1 April 1987, deliberated on the Global Sea-Level Observing System Implementation Plan 1985-1990 (IOC/INF-663 REV) submitted by the Commission’s Secretariat. The Plan integrated Xisha Qundao and Nansha Qundao into the Global Sea-Level Observing System, and explicitly listed these two Islands under “People’s Republic of China”. For the implementation of this Plan, the Chinese government was commissioned to build five marine observation stations, including one on Nansha Qundao and one on Xisha Qundao.

54. 南海诸岛属于中国早已成为国际社会的普遍认识。在许多国家出版的百科全书、年鉴和地图都将南沙群岛标属中国。例如，1960年美国威尔德麦克出版社出版的《威尔德麦克各国百科全书》；1966年日本极东书店出版的《新中国年鉴》；1957、1958和1961年在联邦德国出版的《世界大地图集》；1958年在民主德国出版的《地球与地理地图集》；1968年在民主德国出版的《哈克世界大地图集》；1954至1959年在苏联出版的《世界地图集》；1957年在苏联出版的《外国行政区域划分》附图；1959年在匈牙利出版的《世界地图集》；1974年在匈牙利出版的《插图本世界政治经济地图集》；1959年在捷克斯洛伐克出版的《袖珍世界地图集》；1977年在罗马尼亚出版的《世界地理图集》；1965年法国拉鲁斯出版社出版的《国际政治与经济地图集》；1969年法国拉鲁斯出版社出版的《拉鲁斯现代地图集》；1972年和1983年日本平凡社出版的《世界大百科事典》中所附地图和1985年出版的《世界大地图集》；以及1980年日本国土地理协会出版的《世界与各国》附图等。
54. Nanhai Zhudao have long been widely recognized by the international community as part of China’s territory. The encyclopedias, yearbooks and maps published in many countries mark Nansha Qundao as belonging to China. For example this is done in, among others, the 1960 Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations by the Worldmark Press published in the United States, the 1966 New China Yearbook by the Far Eastern Booksellers published in Japan; the Welt-Atlas published in 1957, 1958 and 1961 in the Federal Republic of Germany, the 1958 Atlas Zur Erd-Und Länderkunde and the 1968 Haack Großer Weltatlas published in the German Democratic Republic, the Atlas Mira from 1954 to 1959 and the 1957 Administrativno-territorialnoe Delenie Zarubezhnyh Stran published in the Soviet Union, the 1959 Világatlasz and the 1974 Képes Politikai és Gazdasági Világatlasz published in Hungary, the 1959 Malý Atlas Svĕta published in Czechoslovakia, the 1977 Atlas Geografic Scolar published in Romania, the 1965 Atlas international Larousse politique et économique, the 1969 Atlas moderne Larousse published by Libraire Larousse in France, the maps in the 1972 and 1983 World Encyclopedia, the 1985 Grand Atlas World by Heibon Sha, and the 1980 Sekai to Sono Kunikuni published by Japan Geographic Data Center in Japan.

二、中菲南海有关争议的由来
II. Origin of the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea

55. 中菲南海有关争议的核心是菲律宾非法侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁而产生的领土问题。此外，随着国际海洋法制度的发展，中菲在南海部分海域还出现了海洋划界争议。
55. The core of the relevant disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea lies in the territorial issues caused by the Philippines’ invasion and illegal occupation of some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao. In addition, with the development of the international law of the sea, a maritime delimitation dispute also arose between the two states regarding certain sea areas of the South China Sea.

（一）菲律宾非法侵占行为制造了中菲南沙岛礁争议
i. The Philippines’ invasion and illegal occupation caused disputes with China over some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao

56. 菲律宾的领土范围是由包括1898年《美西和平条约》（《巴黎条约》）、1900年《美西关于菲律宾外围岛屿割让的条约》（《华盛顿条约》）、1930年《关于划定英属北婆罗洲与美属菲律宾之间的边界条约》在内的一系列国际条约确定的。
56. The territory of the Philippines is defined by a series of international treaties, including the 1898 Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain (the Treaty of Paris), the 1900 Treaty between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines (the Treaty of Washington), and the 1930 Convention between His Majesty in Respect of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States regarding the Boundary between the State of North Borneo and the Philippine Archipelago.

57. 中国南海诸岛在菲律宾领土范围之外。
57. The Philippines’ territory so defined has nothing to do with China’s Nanhai Zhudao.

58. 20世纪50年代，菲律宾曾企图染指中国南沙群岛。但在中国坚决反对下，菲律宾收手了。1956年5月，菲律宾人克洛马组织私人探险队到南沙群岛活动，擅自将中国南沙群岛部分岛礁称为“自由地”。随后，菲律宾副总统兼外长加西亚对克洛马的活动表示支持。对此，中国外交部发言人于5月29日发表声明，严正指出：南沙群岛“向来是中国领土的一部分。中华人民共和国对这些岛屿具有无可争辩的合法主权……绝不容许任何国家以任何借口和采取任何方式加以侵犯”。同时，中国台湾当局派军舰赴南沙群岛巡弋，恢复在南沙群岛太平岛上驻守。此后，菲律宾外交部表示，克洛马此举菲律宾政府事前并不知情，亦未加以同意。
58. In the 1950s, the Philippines attempted to take moves on China’s Nansha Qundao but eventually stopped because of China’s firm opposition. In May 1956, Tomás Cloma, a Filipino, organized a private expedition to some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao and unlawfully named them “Freedomland”. Afterwards, Philippine Vice President and Foreign Minister Carlos Garcia expressed support for Cloma’s activities. In response, the spokesperson of the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued a stern statement on 29 May, pointing out that Nansha Qundao “has always been a part of China’s territory. The People’s Republic of China has indisputable sovereignty over these islands [...] and will never tolerate the infringement of its sovereignty by any country with any means and under any excuse.” At the same time, China’s Taiwan authorities sent troops to patrol Nansha Qundao and resumed stationing troops on Taiping Dao. Afterward, the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs said that the government of the Philippines did not know about Cloma’s activities or give him the consent before he took his moves.

59. 自20世纪70年代起，菲律宾先后以武力侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁，并提出非法领土要求。1970年8月和9月，菲律宾非法侵占马欢岛和费信岛；1971年4月，菲律宾非法侵占南钥岛和中业岛；1971年7月，菲律宾非法侵占西月岛和北子岛；1978年3月和1980年7月，菲律宾非法侵占双黄沙洲和司令礁。1978年6月，菲律宾总统马科斯签署第1596号总统令，将中国南沙群岛部分岛礁并连同周边大范围海域称为“卡拉延岛群”（“卡拉延”在他加禄语中意为“自由”），划设“卡拉延镇区”，非法列入菲律宾领土范围。
59. Starting in the 1970s, the Philippines invaded and illegally occupied by force some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao and raised illegal territorial claims. The Philippines invaded and illegally occupied Mahuan Dao and Feixin Dao in August and September 1970, Nanyao Dao and Zhongye Dao in April 1971, Xiyue Dao and Beizi Dao in July 1971, Shuanghuang Shazhou in March 1978 and Siling Jiao in July 1980. In June 1978, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 1596, which designated some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao and large areas of their surrounding waters as “Kalayaan Island Group” (“Kalayaan” in Tagalog means “Freedom”), set up “Municipality of Kalayaan” and illegally included them in the Philippine territory.

60. 菲律宾还通过一系列国内立法，提出了自己的领海、专属经济区和大陆架等主张。其中部分与中国在南海的海洋权益产生冲突。
60. The Philippines has also enacted a series of national laws to lay its own claims of territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, part of which conflicted with China’s maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea.

61. 菲律宾为掩盖其非法侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁的事实，实现其领土扩张的野心，炮制了一系列借口，包括：“卡拉延岛群”不属于南沙群岛，是“无主地”；南沙群岛在二战后是“托管地”；菲律宾占领南沙群岛是依据“地理邻近”和出于“国家安全”需要；“南沙群岛部分岛礁位于菲律宾专属经济区和大陆架上”；菲律宾“有效控制”有关岛礁已成为不能改变的“现状”等。
61. The Philippines has concocted many excuses to cover up its invasion and illegal occupation of some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao in order to pursue its territorial pretensions. For instance, it claims that: “Kalayaan Island Group” is not part of Nansha Qundao but terra nullius; Nansha Qundao became “trust territory” after the end of the Second World War; the Philippines has occupied Nansha Qundao because of “contiguity or proximity” and out of “national security” considerations; “some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao are located in the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Philippines”; the Philippines’ “effective control” over the relevant islands and reefs has become the “status quo” that cannot be changed.

（二）菲律宾的非法主张毫无历史和法理依据
ii. The Philippines’ illegal claim has no historical or legal basis

62. 从历史和国际法看，菲律宾对南沙群岛部分岛礁的领土主张毫无根据。
62. The Philippines’ territorial claim over part of Nansha Qundao is groundless from the perspectives of either history or international law.

63. 第一，南沙群岛从来不是菲律宾领土的组成部分。菲律宾的领土范围已由一系列国际条约所确定。对此，菲律宾当时的统治者美国是非常清楚的。1933年8月12日，美属菲律宾前参议员陆雷彝致信美国驻菲律宾总督墨菲，试图以地理邻近为由主张一些南沙岛屿构成菲律宾群岛一部分。有关信件被转交美国陆军部和国务院处理。1933年10月9日，美国国务卿复信称，“这些岛屿……远在1898年从西班牙获得的菲律宾群岛的界限之外”。1935年5月，美国陆军部长邓恩致函国务卿赫尔，请求国务院就菲律宾对南沙群岛部分岛屿提出领土要求的“合法性和适当性”发表意见。美国国务院历史顾问办公室一份由博格斯等签署的备忘录指出，“显然，美国毫无根据主张有关岛屿构成菲律宾群岛的一部分。”8月20日，美国国务卿赫尔复函美国陆军部长邓恩称，“美国依据1898年条约从西班牙获得的菲律宾群岛的岛屿仅限于第三条规定的界限以内”，同时关于南沙群岛有关岛屿，“需要指出的是，没有任何迹象显示西班牙曾对这些岛屿中的任何一个行使主权或提出主张”。这些文件证明，菲律宾领土从来不包括南海诸岛，这一事实为包括美国在内的国际社会所承认。
63. First, Nansha Qundao has never been part of the Philippine territory. The territorial scope of the Philippines has already been defined by a series of international treaties. The United States, administrator of the Philippines at the relevant time, was clearly aware of these facts. On 12 August 1933, ex-Senator Isabelo de los Reyes of the United States-governed Philippines wrote a letter to Governor-General Frank Murphy in an attempt to claim that some Nansha islands formed part of the Philippine Archipelago on the ground of geographical proximity. That letter was referred to the Department of War and the Department of State. On 9 October, the United States Secretary of State replied that, “These islands [...] lie at a considerable distance outside the limits of the Philippine Islands which were acquired from Spain in 1898”. In May 1935, the United States Secretary of War George Dern wrote a letter to Secretary of State Cordell Hull, seeking the views of the State Department on the “validity and propriety” of the Philippines’ territorial claims over some islands of Nansha Qundao. A memorandum of the Office of Historical Adviser in the State Department, signed by S.W. Boggs, pointed out that, “There is, of course, no basis for a claim on the part of the United States, as islands constituting part of the Philippine Archipelago”. On 20 August, Secretary Hull officially replied in writing to Secretary Dern, stating that, “the islands of the Philippine group which the United States acquired from Spain by the treaty of 1898, were only those within the limits described in Article III”, and that, referring to the relevant Nansha islands, “It may be observed that [...] no mention has been found of Spain having exercised sovereignty over, or having laid claim to, any of these islands”. All these documents prove that the Philippines’ territory never includes any part of Nanhai Zhudao, a fact that has been recognized by the international community, including the United States.

64. 第二，“卡拉延岛群”是菲律宾发现的“无主地”，这一说法根本不成立。菲律宾以其国民于1956年所谓“发现”为基础，将中国南沙群岛部分岛礁称为“卡拉延岛群”，企图制造地理名称和概念上的混乱，并割裂南沙群岛。事实上，南沙群岛的地理范围是清楚和明确的，菲律宾所谓“卡拉延岛群”就是中国南沙群岛的一部分。南沙群岛早已成为中国领土不可分割的组成部分，绝非“无主地”。
64. Second, the claim that “Kalayaan Island Group” is “terra nullius” discovered by the Philippines is groundless. The Philippines claims that its nationals “discovered” the islands in 1956, and uses this as an excuse to single out some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao and name them “Kalayaan Island Group”. This is an attempt to create confusion over geographical names and concepts, and dismember China’s Nansha Qundao. As a matter of fact, the geographical scope of Nansha Qundao is clear, and the so-called “Kalayaan Island Group” is part of China’s Nansha Qundao. Nansha Qundao has long been an integral part of China’s territory and is by no means “terra nullius”.

65. 第三，南沙群岛也不是所谓的“托管地”。菲律宾称，二战后南沙群岛是“托管地”，主权未定。菲律宾的说法从法律和事实看，都没有根据。二战后的“托管地”，均在有关国际条约或联合国托管理事会相关文件中明确开列，南沙群岛从未出现在上述名单上，根本就不是“托管地”。
65. Third, Nansha Qundao is not “trust territory” either. The Philippines claims that after the Second World War, Nansha Qundao became “trust territory”, the sovereignty over which was undetermined. This claim finds no support in law or reality. The post-War trust territories were all specifically listed in relevant international treaties or the documents of the United Nations Trusteeship Council. Nansha Qundao was never included in them and was thus not trust territory at all.

66. 第四，“地理邻近”和“国家安全”都不是领土取得的国际法依据。世界上许多国家的部分领土远离其本土，有的甚至位于他国近岸。美国殖民统治菲律宾期间，就菲律宾群岛附近一座岛屿的主权与荷兰产生争端，美国以“地理邻近”为由提出的领土主张被判定为没有国际法依据。以所谓“国家安全”为由侵占他国领土更是荒谬的。
66. Fourth, neither “contiguity or proximity” nor national security is a basis under international law for acquiring territory. Many countries have territories far away from their metropolitan areas, in some cases even very close to the shores of other countries. When exercising colonial rule over the Philippines, the United States had a dispute with the Netherlands regarding sovereignty over an island which is close to the Philippine Archipelago, and the United States’ claim on the basis of contiguity was ruled as having no foundation in international law. Furthermore, it is just absurd to invade and occupy the territory of other countries on the ground of national security.

67. 第五，菲律宾称，中国南沙群岛部分岛礁位于其专属经济区和大陆架范围内，因此有关岛礁属于菲律宾或构成菲律宾大陆架组成部分。这一主张企图以《公约》所赋予的海洋管辖权否定中国领土主权，与“陆地统治海洋”的国际法原则背道而驰，完全不符合《公约》的宗旨和目的。《公约》序言规定：“在妥为顾及所有国家主权的情形下，为海洋建立一种法律秩序……。”因此，沿海国必须在尊重他国领土主权的前提下主张海洋管辖权，不能将自己的海洋管辖权扩展到他国领土上，更不能以此否定他国主权，侵犯他国领土。
67. Fifth, the Philippines claims that some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao are located within its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf and therefore should fall under its sovereignty or form part of its continental shelf. This is an attempt to use maritime jurisdiction provided for under UNCLOS to deny China’s territorial sovereignty. This runs directly counter to the “land dominates the sea” principle, and goes against the purpose of UNCLOS, as stated in its preamble, to “establish [...] with due regard for the sovereignty of all States, a legal order for the seas and ocean”. Therefore, a coastal state can only claim maritime jurisdiction under the precondition of respecting the territorial sovereignty of another state. No state can extend its maritime jurisdiction to an area under the sovereignty of another; still less can it use such jurisdiction as an excuse to deny another state’s sovereignty or even to infringe upon its territory.

68. 第六，菲律宾所谓的“有效控制”是建立在非法侵占基础上的，是非法无效的。国际社会不承认武力侵占形成的所谓“有效控制”。菲律宾所谓“有效控制”是对中国南沙群岛部分岛礁赤裸裸的武力侵占，违背了《联合国宪章》（以下简称《宪章》）和国际关系基本准则，为国际法所明确禁止。菲律宾建立在非法侵占基础上的所谓“有效控制”，不能改变南沙群岛是中国领土的基本事实。中国坚决反对任何人试图把南沙群岛部分岛礁被侵占的状态视为所谓“既成事实”或“现状”，中国对此绝不承认。
68. Sixth, the Philippines’ so-called “effective control” on the basis of its illegal seizure is null and void. The international community does not recognize “effective control” created through occupation by force. The Philippines’ “effective control” is mere occupation by naked use of force of some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao. Such occupation violates the Charter of the United Nations and the basic norms governing international relations and is unequivocally prohibited by international law. This so-called “effective control” based on illegal seizure cannot change the basic fact that Nansha Qundao is China’s territory. China firmly opposes any attempt to treat the seizure of some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao as a so-called “fait accompli” or “status quo”. China will never recognize such a thing.

（三）国际海洋法制度的发展导致中菲出现海洋划界争议
iii. The development of the international law of the sea gave rise to the dispute between China and the Philippines over maritime delimitation

69. 随着《公约》的制订和生效，中国和菲律宾之间的南海有关争议逐步激化。
69. With the formulation and entering into effect of UNCLOS, the relevant disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea have gradually intensified.

70. 基于中国人民和中国政府的长期历史实践及历届中国政府的一贯立场，根据国内法以及国际法，包括1958年《中华人民共和国政府关于领海的声明》、1992年《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》、1996年《中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于批准<联合国海洋法公约>的决定》、1998年《中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法》和1982年《联合国海洋法公约》，中国南海诸岛拥有内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架。此外，中国在南海拥有历史性权利。
70. Based on the practice of the Chinese people and the Chinese government in the long course of history and the position consistently upheld by successive Chinese governments, and pursuant to China’s national law and under international law, including the 1958 Declaration of the Government of the People’s Republic of China on China’s Territorial Sea, the 1992 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, the 1996 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the 1998 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf, and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, China has, based on Nanhai Zhudao, internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. In addition, China has historic rights in the South China Sea.