特金会后朝鲜宣传的改变：不再仇美、鼓励统一

Over the past few months, it seems, North Korea’s propaganda has been changing its tune.Banners and posters displayed across the capital and other towns have typically featured the US as a brutal imperialist aggressor and South Korea or Japan as Washington’s willing allies. But visitors to the country say they’ve seen those posters replaced by propaganda pushing economic progress and the inter-Korean rapprochement. Leading newspapers in the tightly controlled country have also seen a shift in tone, a sign the country is starting to reflect its recent diplomatic thaw to the people.

最近几个月内，朝鲜的宣传似乎正在改变。过去，首都平壤和其他城镇里遍布的标语和海报上，美国是残忍的帝国主义侵略者，韩国或日本心甘情愿成为华盛顿的盟友。但最近有前往朝鲜的游客表示，他们看到这些标语和海报的内容变成了鼓吹经济建设和朝韩和解。而朝鲜主要报纸的口径也发生了转变，以上种种均反映了，朝鲜开始向自己的人民传递近来外交解冻的消息。

US no longer an enemy?

美国不再是敌人？

The vast majority of North Koreans have very little access to information, so state media and propaganda have a far greater impact than elsewhere in the world.

对绝大部分朝鲜人来说，他们获取信息的途径极其有限，因此朝鲜的官方媒体和宣传系统比世界上任何一个地方都更有影响力。

With the US traditionally depicted as the main enemy, propaganda has not held back on showing how Pyongyang would respond, depicting missiles destroying the US or troops crushing invaders.

朝鲜长期将美国描绘为主要敌人，朝鲜的宣传系统也一直在宣扬平壤会如何反击，刻画用导弹摧毁美国及部队击垮入侵者的生动场面。

The posters are meant to inspire patriotism, build confidence in the leadership and a give sense that the struggles of life are for the greater glory of the nation.

朝鲜的宣传海报意在激发朝鲜人的爱国主义情绪，让他们对领导人充满信心，同时告诉他们，眼下生活的困苦是为了国家更大的荣光。

The harsh posters go up usually only when things are bad internationally, Andray Abrahamian of Griffith University told the BBC.

“这种措辞严厉的海报通常只有在朝鲜国际关系恶化时才会出现，”澳洲格里菲斯大学学者安德赖?阿布拉哈米安（Andray Abrahamian）对BBC说。

They signal tough times and a tougher line on the US to the citizens of North Korea. They come down when tensions abate.

“对于朝鲜人，这些象征着困难时期和对美国更加强硬的立场，当紧张局势缓解时这些海报也会被换下。”

So when times are more positive, the propaganda will be too.

因此，当时代氛围更加积极时，朝鲜的宣传也会相应改变。

After months of belligerent war threats, North Korea this year held historic summits with both South Korea and the US, pledging - albeit in vague terms - to give up its cherished nuclear arsenal and work towards peace.

在长达数月的战争威胁后，朝鲜今年与韩国和美国进行了历史性首脑会晤，尽管有些含糊不清，但朝鲜承诺放弃其珍视的核武器，向和平方向努力。

Foreign guides who take tour groups into the closed country say that in recent months, the propaganda narrative has taken a distinctive turn.In place of the aggressive rhetoric, there is now a focus on more positive messages, praising the Panmunjom Declaration signed at the inter-Korean summit, for example.

据近期带领外国游客到朝鲜观光的导游透露，近几个月来，这个封闭国家的宣传口径有了明显转变。积极的信息取代了攻击性的言辞，比如有时可以看到赞扬朝韩首脑签署的《板门店宣言》的标语。

All the anti-American posters I usually see around Kim Il-sung Square and at shops, they’ve all just gone, Rowan Beard, a tour manager at Young Pioneer Tours, told the Reuters news agency.

“以前在金日成广场附近和商店里经常可以看到反美海报，现在这些都不见了，”青年先锋旅行社（Young Pioneer Tours）旅游经理比亚德（Rowan Beard）告诉路透社。

In five years working in North Korea, I’ve never seen them completely disappear before.

“我在朝鲜工作五年了，之前从来没见过这些标语彻底消失。”

Of course, the new posters are just as much propaganda as the old ones, but they highlight different themes: reunification of the Koreas, economic progress and scientific achievement.

当然，新的标语跟旧标语一样，是彻头彻尾的宣传工具，但他们的主题却大不一样：朝韩统一、经济发展，以及科学成就。

The change follows an internal logic: if talks with the South and the US are being reported as the beginning of possible future co-operation then the two former adversaries have to be displayed in a more neutral and less threatening way.

这些变化遵循的是一种内在逻辑：如果在报道中称，与韩国和美国的对话可能是未来合作的开始，那么这两个朝鲜之前的对手就必须要变得更加中立，更不具有威胁。

Why else would Kim Jong-un otherwise sit down for talks with those countries’ leaders?

要不然，金正恩为什么会愿意坐下来，跟这两个国家的领导人对话呢？

Pyongyang needs an atmosphere of peace and detente and such posters would help to create it, Fyodor Tertitskiy from NK News said.

“平壤需要一种和平且缓和的气氛，这些海报可以帮助营造这种气氛，”朝鲜新闻（NK News）的特尔泰斯基（Fyodor Tertitskiy）说。

Even the anti-American trinkets which used to be sold to tourists as souvenirs have begun to change.No longer, for instance, can you find the postcards, posters or stamps that famously showed North Korean missiles heading for Washington.

甚至曾经作为纪念品出售给游客的反美装饰品也跟以前不一样了，现在已经看不到那些画着朝鲜导弹飞向华盛顿的明信片、海报及邮票了。

They’re always very popular, not very subtle, and, as of now, have all been removed, Simon Cockerell, general manager at Koryo Tours, told Reuters.

“他们一直都很有人气，非常明显的，但现在已经都找不到了，”高丽旅行社（Koryo Tours）总经理科克雷尔（Simon Cockerell）向路透社说。

Breaking with tradition

打破传统

The changes in official policy are also reflected in the leading national newspaper, Rodong Sinmun.

朝鲜主要报纸《劳动新闻》也反映了官方政策的改变。

There is no free press in North Korea. All media outlets are tightly controlled and anything published or broadcast is carefully vetted to be along official government lines.

朝鲜没有媒体自由。所有媒体出版物都被国家严格控制，为与政府保持一致，所有发表或播放的内容都会经过严格审查。

Usually the paper would regularly run negative reports about the US, depicting Washington as a hostile force and listing US involvement in conflicts like Syria as a proof of American imperialism.

通常《劳动新闻》对美国的报道都十分负面，将华盛顿刻画成一个敌对力量，将美国在叙利亚等地区冲突中的干预作为美国是帝国主义政权的证据。

But leading up to the meeting on 12 June between Kim Jong-un and Donald Trump, the normally fiery paper stopped being critical of the US.Since the summit, it has featured picture-heavy coverage of the meeting, celebrating Mr Kim as a global statesman and peace maker.

但在报道6月12日金正恩与特朗普的会谈时，一向火力十足的《劳动新闻》却没有批评美国，反而刊登了会谈的多张图片，赞美金正恩是一个国际政治家和和平缔造者。

Breaking with tradition, TV and newspapers also reported Mr Kim’s recent trips - to China and Singapore - in almost real time, whereas previously, it would have taken days for North Koreans to read about it.

朝鲜的电视和报纸还打破传统，几乎在第一时间报道了金正恩最近前往中国和新加坡的消息。在之前，朝鲜人通常要在事情发生几天后才会得知这种新闻。

In tone, the US is now depicted as if it is a normal country, explains Peter Ward, North Korea expert and writer for NK News."All references to US actions that North Korea considers a hostile acts have disappeared from the paper."

“从口径上来看，美国现在被刻画成一个正常的国家，”朝鲜新闻撰稿人、朝鲜专家皮得（Peter Ward）分析称。“将美国的行为称为敌对举措的表态都从报纸上消失了。”

There’s even what Mr Ward describes as "neutral" coverage of the US quitting the UN human rights council.

皮得甚至认为，朝鲜在报道美国退出联合国人权理事会一事时措辞“中立”。

This is fascinating, he explains. "Generally speaking, neutral or positive coverage is normally reserved for countries that Pyongyang has friendly relations with."

“这太有趣了，”他表示。“一般来说，朝鲜会将中立或正面的报道留给建立友好关系的国家。”

With all of North Korea’s talks at very early stages so far, it is unclear whether the sudden change of tone is here to stay.

朝鲜目前所有的谈判都还在非常初级的阶段，我们尚不清楚这种口径的转变是否会持续。

Unless North Korea lives up to the generalised commitments it made at Panmunjom and in Singapore, there will be little sanctions relief in return and so beyond the posters they see every day, little might change for ordinary North Koreans.

如果朝鲜不履行在板门店和新加坡做出的承诺，他们将无法得到放松制裁作为回报，那样，除了每天可以看到的海报外，普通朝鲜人的生活可能不会发生改变。