英语专业八级满分听力 Chapter Three

[07:09.73]INTERVIEW 2
[07:33.71]In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.
[07:37.09]Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
[07:40.49]Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview.
[07:43.54]At the end of the interview,
[07:45.63]you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following 5 questions.
[07:50.34]Now listen to the interview.
[07:52.70]Interviewer(W): I am talking to Richard Johnson, an official of WHO,
[07:58.27]the World Health Organization.
[08:00.94]Today he will talk with us about the change of people’s understanding of health.
[08:05.74]Hello, Richard.
[08:07.06]Richard Johnson(M): Hello.
[08:08.06]W: Now Richard, the concept of health has been changing all the time.
[08:12.60]And different people and groups hold different opinions towards it.
[08:16.54]Would you mind telling us the original concept of health?
[08:20.24]M: Of course not. Health has long been viewed in the physical sense only.
[08:25.49]That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of body,
[08:31.19]while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. In this sense,
[08:36.87]health has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms.
[08:42.13]Therefore, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat
[08:46.72]or prevent disease and illness.
[08:49.35]W: Then what was the emphasis of the work of the WHO during that period?
[08:54.36]M: Well, the emphasis was of course on providing clean water,
[08:59.09]improved sanitation and housing.
[09:01.58]W: I see. When did the concept begin to change?
[09:06.18]M: In the late 1940s,
[09:08.60]the WHO challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health.
[09:13.81]They stated that health was a complete state of physical,
[09:17.30]mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.
[09:21.11]The mind, body and spirit of a person were seen holistically.
[09:26.03]W: How long did this concept last?
[09:29.11]M: It lasted until the 1970s.
[09:31.61]At that time, people focused their attention on the prevention of disease and illness
[09:36.48]by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behavior of the individual.
[09:40.52]Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking,
[09:45.88]lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted.
[09:49.71]Creating health meant providing not only medical health care,
[09:53.66]but health promotion programs and policies
[09:56.43]which would help people maintain healthy behavior and lifestyles.
[10:00.25]W: It sounds reasonable. It must have been beneficial to people.
[10:04.40]M: Unfortunately, not.
[10:06.38]W: But why?
[10:07.70]M: You see,this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach
[10:11.80]did help the wealthy members of the society.
[10:14.63]But the majority were people experiencing poverty,
[10:18.04]unemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives.
[10:22.08]How could people afford the program
[10:24.13]if they lived under unfavorable social and environmental factors?
[10:27.79]W: I’m beginning to see your point.
[10:30.32]A single lifestyle decides nothing if not integrated with a good environment.
[10:35.99]M: That’s right. So during the 1980s and 1990s,
[10:39.95]there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health.
[10:46.27]While lifestyle factors still remain important,
[10:49.53]health is being viewed also in terms of the social,
[10:52.32]economic and environmental contexts in which people live.
[10:55.92]W: This is a new concept of health.
[10:59.18]And I heard it’s called the socio-ecological view, isn’t it?
[11:04.21]M: Yes. In 1986, representatives from 38 countries gathered in Ottawa, Canada,
[11:10.12]to hold the first international Conference of Health Promotion.
[11:13.51]It was at that conference that the broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed.
[11:18.98]W: What were the details of the endorsement?
[11:21.94]M: Well, the representatives declared that
[11:24.45]the fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food,
[11:30.58]a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity.
[11:37.04]Moreover, improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements.
[11:42.40]From this statement, we can find that
[11:44.97]the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviors
[11:49.96]and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care.
[11:53.51]It must include addressing such issues as poverty, pollution, urbanization,
[11:58.77]natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions.
[12:03.88]W: Oh, I see. But how are they affecting health?
[12:08.81]M: They do not operate separately. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent.
[12:14.10]The complex interrelationships between them determine the conditions that promote health.
[12:19.35]A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that
[12:23.22]the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus.
[12:29.46]W: That’s right.
[12:30.86]M: As we all know, good health is a major source for social,
[12:34.70]economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life.
[12:39.52]Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioral and biological factors
[12:45.32]can all favor health or be harmful to it.
[12:48.81]The Ottawa Conference not only redefines the notion of health.
[12:52.74]More importantly,
[12:53.96]it brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion.
[12:58.35]It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all.
[13:03.27]W: Then what is the basic philosophy of this health promotion?
[13:07.98]M: Very easy to understand.
[13:10.04]Just to enable people to increase control over and to improve their health.
[13:14.94]W: The new concept of health you have told us today
[13:18.23]is very useful to our understanding of health. Thank you very much.
[13:22.39]M: You are welcome.