定语从句之专题四(完):限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句(系统讲解内在原理)
一.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的对比
定语从句按照与先行词的关系远近(有没有逗号隔开),可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。反过来说,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的所有区别,都源于“有/无逗号”,无逗号则关系紧密,有逗号则关系松散。例如,①因为有逗号(较远),则可以修饰先行词或整个主句。无逗号则只能修饰先行词。②因为有逗号(较远),则不能代替或省略,否则容易引起歧义。
因为以前讲的都是限制性定语从句,所以,下边两个表格,主要记右列(非限制性定语从句)。
1.两种定语从句与先行词的关系不同。关键在于①,由①可以推导出②③。
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
①对先行词起限定作用。
翻译时,译为定语。
①只能对先行词起附加说明作用。
翻译时,译为并列句或状语从句。
②若先行词是某些表示泛指的词(如,不定代词),常用限制性定语从句。
②若先行词是某些表示特指的词(如,专有名词,或者被物主代词、指示代词修饰时),常用非限制性定语从句。(因为已经限定了,只能附加说明一下)
③which只能指物注 ,不能指事。
③which可以指物(即表物的先行词),也可以指事(即指整个主句)。
注:which在定语从句中作表语时,也可以指人。(参看第四节.六.)
①例句(如何翻译限制性/非限制性定语从句)
●She has found the necklace which/that she lost two weeks ago.
她找到了两周前丢的项链。(其它时间丢的项链是否找到,没说)
●She has found the necklace, which she lost two weeks ago.
她已经找到那条项链,那条项链是两周前丢的。(只有一条项链)
②例句(某些泛指的先行词+限制性定语从句)
●That’s all that I could do at that time.(不定代词)。
●She has nothing that is good to say.(复合不定代词)。
②例句(某些特指的先行词+非限制性定语从句)
●I met John, who is my classmate.(专有名词)
●My computer, which my mother gave me last year, is still in good condition.(物主代词)
●This film, which I have read three times, is very instructive.(指示代词)
③例句(which可以指代整个主句)
●He is from the south, which we can know from his accent.(which指代He is from the south)
(=We can know from his accent that he is from south.)
●I said nothing, which made him angry.(=That I said nothing made him angry.)
③例句(which可以指代this/that)
●I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone.(in that case→in which case)
我可能得晚点下班,那样的话我会打电话的。
●The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard.
讲演者停下来查阅他的笔记,就在这时,听到砰地一声巨响。