内部讲义:常考词的语法与用法(02)
◆anyone,anything etc.
1. 由 some-,any-,no-,every- 加上 -body, -one, -thing构成的不定代词叫复合不定代词。这些词在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句(参见 any & some)。
2. 复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面。如:
There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。
Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?
3. 指人的复合不定代词(即 some-,any-,no-,every- 加上 -one,
-body 构成)若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their。如:
Everyone knows this, doesn’t he [don’t they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。
4. 指事物的复合不定代词(即由 some-,any-,no-,every- 加上-thing 构成)若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用 it, 而不用 they。如:
Everything is ready, isn’t it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?
5. 含有 any-的复合不定代词用于否定句时,要放在否定词之前,而不能放在否定词之后(参见 any 的有关用法)。如:
正: Nobody [No one] can do it. 这事谁也干不了。
误: Anybody [Anyone] cannot do it.
正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我 去。
误:Anything cannot prevent me from going.
6. anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物;且其后一般不能接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (分开写)。如:
any one of the boys (books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)
every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)
◆apologize v.
表示“道歉”,通常是不及物动词,要表示向某人道歉,用介词to, 要表示因为某原因而道歉或替某人道歉,用介词 for。如:
Apologize to your sister. 去给你姐姐赔个不是。
I must apologize for not being able to meet you. 我因未能去接你向你道歉。
由于 apologize 是不及物动词,所以在其后接 that从句是错误的。如:
我因踩了她的脚而向她道歉。
误:I apologized that I stepped on her foot.
正:I apologized to her for stepping on her foot.
◆apology n.
表示“道歉”,通常是可数名词;要表示向某人道歉,用介词 to, 要表示因为某原因而道歉或替某人道歉,用介词 for。如:
Please accept my apologies. 请接受我的道歉。
I make no apology (to him) for what I said. 我没有因说了些什么而(向他)道歉。
◆appear v.
1. 表示“出现”、“露面”、“到达”等,是不及物动词。如:
雨后天空出现彩虹。
正:A rainbow appeared in the sky after the rain.
误:A rainbow was appeared in the sky after the rain.
2. 表示“似乎”、“好像”,是连系动词,其后可接形容词、名词、不定式等作表语。如:
He appears (to be) honest [an honest man]. 他似乎是一个诚实的人。
3. 在 it appears 后可接 that 从句或 as if 从句。如:
It appears that he is very tired. 他似乎很累了。
It appears as if he has lost interest in his job. 看来他对自己的工作已失去了兴趣。
注:后接 that 从句时,有时可用 so, not 代之。如:
A:Are they reliable? 他们可靠吗?
B:It appears so (not). 似乎是可靠的(不可靠)。
比较以下同义句型:
It appears that he is ill. =He appears to be ill. 他似乎病了。
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