中考英语语法完全突破——非谓语动词
考点11 考查特殊搭配中动词原形的使用
英语中有些特殊结构,后接总是接动词原形,这类结构最重要的(也是最常考的)是why not(为什么不……)、had better(最好)和would rather(宁愿)。如:
Why not give her some flowers? 为什么不送她些花呢?
It’s late; we’d better go home. 时间不早了,我们最好回家吧。
Would you rather work on a farm? 你宁愿在农场干活吗?
注意:had better和would rather构成否定式时,习惯上是将not置于整个结构之后(动词原形之前),而不是置于had, would之后。如:
We’d better not tell him. 我们最好还是不告诉他。
I’d rather not say anything. 我宁可什么也不说。
You had better not miss the last bus. 你最好不要误了最后一班公共汽车。
注意:would rather有时也 than 搭配使用,表示“宁愿……而不愿……”,此时than也接动词原形。如:
I would rather go than stay. 我宁愿走不愿留。
【考例1】—May I listen to the music here, Mr. White?
—Sorry, you’d better ________ it like that. (山东淄博中考题)
A. not to do B. not do C. don’t do D. not do to
【分析】答案选B。had better后接动词时要用原形,若所接动词为否定式,要把not置于动词原形之前,故选B。
【考例2】Xiao Li said she would rather ________ join us. (江苏无锡中考题)
A. did not B. to not C. not D. not to
【分析】答案选C。would rather(宁愿)后接动词时要用原形。又如:I would rather stay at home. 我宁可呆在家里。
考点12 考查动词have后的非谓语动词形式
动词have后可接多种非谓语动词形式,主要结构如下:
1. have sb do sth:其中的have为使役动词,表示叫(请、使)某人做某事。如:
I’ll have her post the letter. 我要叫她去寄信。
He had his son clean the car. 他叫他的儿子擦车。
2. have sb (sth) doing sth:表示使(让)某人(某事物)一直做在做某事。如:
He had the light burning all night. 他让灯亮了一整夜。
Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping. 没出几分钟他就让全体听众笑起来,鼓起掌来。
3. have sth done:表示请别人做某事。如:
We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。
Why don’t you have your hair cut? 你为什么不理发?
有时表示经历或遭遇某情况。如:
He had his finger cut. 他的手指弄伤了。
I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。
4. have sth to do:表示有某事要做,其中的不定式作定语。如:
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多工作要做。
She has plenty of clothes to wear. 她有足够的衣服穿。
【考例】—Mum, can I have something ________?
—Oh, dear. You can only drink some water. There is ________ in the kitchen. (江苏宿迁中考题)
A. to drink; nothing else B. drinking; something else
C. to eat; something else D. eating; nothing else
【分析】答案选A。第一空要填不定式,have something to do为英语中的固定句式,其意为有事要做。又如:I have things to do. 我有事情要做。第二空要填nothing else(没有其他的东西),因为前文说了can only drink some water(只能喝点水)。
三、易错陷阱
陷阱1 在what one can 后误接动词原形
大家知道,在情态动词后要用动词原形,不能用不定式,也不能用动名词或分词等。如:
He can both speak and write Japanese. 他既能说日语也能写日语。
You must break away from such habits. 你必须改掉那些习惯。
We should take good care of the children. 我们应该好好照看这些孩子。
但是,请看下面的句子,can或could后的to可以省略吗?
We’ll do what we can to save him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。
I did what I could to persuade him. 我尽了最大的努力去劝说他。
上面两句中的to虽然位于can和could之后,但都不能没有,因为其中的不定式为目的状语,而不是与情态动词一起构成谓语。这类句子可以理解在can或could的后面省略了动词do。顺便说一句,这类句子中的what有时也可换成everything。如:
I shall do everything I can to help you. 我将尽量帮助你。
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