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since用法要点全面归纳
一、关于时态
不管用作介词、连词还是副词,句子(主句)谓语通常都与现在完成时连用。如:
I’ve had nothing to eat since lunchtime. 从午饭时间到现在我什么都没吃。
He’s put on a lot of weight since he gave up smoking. 他戒烟后体重增加了许多。
We had a letter last week. We haven’t heard since. 上星期我们接到了一封信。从那以后没有收到过信。
用作副词时,除用于句末外,也可用于句中。如:
She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper. 她去年5月到伦敦 此后一直在报社工作。
注意,除通常连用完成时态外,有时可用其他时态:
(1) 表示时间长度时,通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如:
It’s a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你,已有很长时间了。
It’s a fortnight since I last saw her. 我有两个星期没有看见她了。
(2) 如果不强调动作或状态的持续,而是关心状况的变化,可以不用完成时态。如:
You’re looking much better since your operation. 手术后你看上去好多了。
Since he went on that course he thinks he knows everything. 自从他选了那门课程,他就认为自己什么都懂了。
比较下面两个句子因时态不同所导致的含义变化:
She doesn’t come round to see us so much since her marriage. 自从结了婚,她不怎么过来看我们了。
She hasn’t come to see us since her marriage. 自从结了婚,她还没来看过我们。
(3) 当涉及动词seem时,通常不用完成时态。如:
It seems like years since I last saw you. 从上次见到你以来好像已经有许多年了。
(4) 若不是指从过去持续到现在,而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去,则用过去完成时。比较:
He hasn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 自星期二以来他一直未吃东西。(指从星期二至现在未吃东西)
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)
二、关于后续词
用作介词,其后除可接名词代词外,有时可接介词短语。比较:
He had been there since her death. 自从她死以来他就一直在那儿。
He had been there since before her death. 自从她死以前他就一直在那儿。
有时可接 then, when。如:
He’s been ill since then. 自那以来他一直病着。
Since when have you lived here? 从什么时候开始你就住在这里了?
与一般介词一样,其后也可接动名词(注意动名词的逻辑主语应是句子主语)。比较:
自上次写信以来我已收到她3封来信。
正:I’ve had three letters from her since I wrote last.
正:I’ve had three letters from her since writing last.(www.hxen.net)
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三、关于 since 从句翻译
用作连词,它所引导从句的谓语通常应是非延续性动词,但有时也可以是延续性动词或状态动词,不过此时应注意:若为延续性动词或状态动词,那么它所表示的通常是动作或状态的完成或结束(而不是其开始)。如:
I haven’t heard from him since he lived in Beijing.
正译:自从他离开北京以来,我一直未收到他的信。
误译:自从他住在北京以来,我一直未收到他的信。
He has never come to see me since I was ill.
正译:自我病愈以来他还没来看过我。
误译:自我生病以来他还没来看过我。
若要表示从句中的动作或状态延续至今,就应该用持续性动词的现在完成时,而不是用一般过去时。如:
I haven’t had a good meal (ever) since I’ve been here. 我自从来到这里后还没吃过一顿好的。
注意以下两种例外的情况:
(1) 有个别句型(主要是…since I was a child及类似句型),从句即使用了状态动词的一般过去时,它也指状态一直持续到现在。如:
We’ve known each other since we were children. 我们从小就认识。
This place hasn’t altered since I was a girl. 从我幼时起,这地方就没发生过变化。
(2) 有个别句型(主要是 it’s some time since…等),从句即使用了持续性动词的现在完成时,它也指动作的结束(但从句不能用否定式)。如:
It’s a long time since I (have) studied English. 我很久没学英语了。
It’s quite some time since we’ve seen each other. 我们好久没见面了。
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