2010年考研英语七选五技巧

2)词汇同现法

　　词汇同现是指属于同一词汇搭配范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中共同出现，达到语义衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。

　　例1(大纲样题)

　　42    Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting。

　　〔A〕 The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known。
　　〔B〕 Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate。
　　〔C〕 The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air。
　　〔D〕 The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world。
　　〔E〕 The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks。
　　〔F〕 When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved。
　　〔G〕 Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form。

　　【解析】〔F〕本题出现在一个段落的首句，从答题策略来看，应当重点看后文的叙述，后文中water重复了两遍，说明这一信息是本段落的重点信息。同时这一信息很可能会在上下文中，即我们要填入的信息中出现复现词或同现词。对比选项，选项〔F〕中出现了 lake，stream，river，sea等同类词汇，因此可以判断这一选项为正确答案。本题最大的干扰项为〔G〕，因为〔G〕项一开始就有how fossils ate preserved与下文Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks…所表达的内容从形式上来看似乎是吻合的；但是〔G〕项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织(organism)可能转化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而被保存下来)，语义上主要说明泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用，因此两者在语义的衔接上是不连贯的。

　　例2(2006年真题)

　　The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall。

　　44     Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities。

　　〔A〕 Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected。
　　〔B〕 It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?
　　〔C〕 By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit。
　　〔D〕 Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government。
　　〔E〕 David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it。
　　〔F〕 It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will。
　　〔G〕 The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

　　【解析】〔F〕首先可以利用词汇同现的方法解答此题，试题前句的diagnostic(诊断上的)，选项中的medicalize(医学化)以及空格后面的physical(身体上的)虽然不是近义词或同义词，但很明显它们属于同一医学范畴，因此属于同一范畴词汇对应；其次，还可以利用结构衔接法，选项中的defining as(注意选项中有倒装结构，原结构应该是define …as…)与空格后的reclassifying…as…是近义词表达法，都是表示“归类为，定义为”；再次，可以利用词汇复现法，选项中的 weakness of will(意志上的弱点)和空格后句中的character flaws(性格的缺陷)是上下义词的关系，前者属于后者。