2002年9月TOEFL托福真题

Question 22-31
    Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian
    inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to
    tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100B.C, They
    were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became
(5) synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the
    Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000B.C.
    They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and
    weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most
    important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of
(10)communication.
    Archacologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archacologists working at
    Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets.
    Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars
    had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language
(15)that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions mad reference to the
    king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the mew language be called Sumerian.
    But it was not until the 1890's that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south o f
    Nieveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians
    thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today),
(20)they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercised, and other
    study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars
    since the 1890's have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities
    of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.
22. According to the passage, the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were probably the
A). Babylonians
B). Subarians
C). Akkadians
D). Sumerians
23. The word "subjugated" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
A). distinguished
B). segregated
C). Concentrated
D). conquered
24. The phrase "synonymous with" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
A). equivalent to
B). important for
C). respected in
D). familiar with
25. According to the passage, by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already done all of the
following EXCEPT:
A). They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf.
B). They had established themselves in cities.
C). They had started to communicate through
D). They had created bronze tools and weapons.
26. The word "some" in line 14 refers to
A). Archaeologists
B). Sumerians
C). years
D). clay tablets
27. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the Sumerians?
A). They were descendants of the Persians.
B). They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris.
C). They were accomplished musicians.
D).They had the beginnings of an economy.
28. According to the passage, when did archaeologists begin to be able to understand tablets inscribed in Sumerian?
A).IN the early nineteenth century
B). More than 150 years ago
C). After the 1890's
D). In the mid-eighteenth century
29. According to the passage, in what way did the Sumerian language resemble ancient Greek
and Latin?
A). It was invented in Mesopotamia.
B). It became well established around 3000 B.C.
C). It became a classical language.
D). It was used exclusively for business transactions.
30. The word "excavating" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
A). Living
B). digging
C). assembling
D). building
31. According to the passage, how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language?
A). By translating the work of the Subarians
B). By using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages
C). By comparing Sumerian to other classical languages
D). By using their knowledge of Akkadian