2008高考必背英语词汇讲座-U字头
2008-04-18来源:
1、under control, under the control of, in control (of) under control意指"在控制下，被控制住"，是一表示被动意义的介词短语，通常用作连系动词be的表语。如果表示"在某人的控制下"，亦可用under one's control来表示。under control现在常常引申为"情况正常，状况良好"的意义。例如：The fire which threatened part of the business district this morning is now firmly under control.今早危及部分商业区的这场大火，现在已被控制住了。I noticed that his legs are not well under control.我发现他的两条腿不听使唤。My oldest son is no longer under my control.我的大儿子已不服我的管教了。You can go right back to sleep now, everything's under control.你可以回去睡觉了，一切均已恢复正常。 under the control of亦可解作in the control of,其后通常须接人或部门等名词，表示"受……控制，受……管辖"的被动意义，它一般用作表语或补语。例如：The university is under the direct control of Ministry of Education.这所大学直属教育部门管理。He was in the control of evil men who forced him to do wicked things.他受了坏人的控制，他们强迫他干坏事。 根据具体语境的不同， in control既可表示"控制，管理（别人）"的主动含义，亦可表示"受控制"的被动含义。如果表明被控制的对象，其后须接of短语。例如：Mr. Zhang will be in control when I am out.我外出时由张先生负责。But the next moment he had himself in control.但是他马上就控制了自己。They were in control of the southern side of the mountain.他们控制着南山坡。 2、under one's arm, in one's arms 这两个介词短语中的arm是指"胳臂"，而不是"武器"的意义。注意不得任意改变两个短语中arm和arms的单复数形式。 under one's arm意为"在某人腋下的"。例如：The man who is carrying a parcel under his arm is my elder brother.（腋下）挟着一只包裹的那个人是我哥哥。He keeps the dictionary under his arm. 他把词典挟在腋下。 in one's arms意指"（小孩或东西）被搂在怀里"。例如：The woman who is coming here has a child in her arms.往这儿来的那位妇女抱着一个孩子。He has the big dictionaries in his arms on his way to the room.在去寝室的途中他怀里抱着几本大词典。 3、under repair, in repair 这两个介词短语一般都作表语，补语或后置定语。 under repair属于表示进行意义的介词短语，有被动的含义，等于being repaired（在修理中）。例如：The department store is now under repair (= is now being repaired) and it will be reopened on May Day.百货公司正在修缮，将于五一节重新开业。The machine is under repair.那台机器正在修理。
in repair表示某物处在一种"维修良好"的状态之中，常用in good repair,其反义语为in bad repair或out of repair（失修）。例如：They always keep the road in repair.他们总是把公路保养得很好。The pagoda that was built four hundred years ago, is still in (good) repair.那座四百年前建造的塔现在还完好无损。 4、under the sun, in the sun under the sun亦可解作beneath the sun。它是个习语，决不可译作"在太阳下"。它有两个意思和用法：1.表示地点，意为"在世界上，任何地方"；2.用于加强语气，常放在疑问词之后，意为"到底，究竟"，等于on the earth。例如：The President's assassination shocked everyone under the sun.总统遇刺，全世界都为之震惊。In his opinion, California has the best climate under the sun.依他看来，世界上要数加利福尼亚的气候最好。What under the sun did he do it for?他做那件事到底是为了什么？ in the sun是"在太阳光下"的意思，指某人或某物处在太阳光的照耀下或之中，因此，它可引申为"晒太阳"，还可转义为"显要的，有利的"的意思，因为太阳光耀眼夺目并有益于人类。例如：His character is as fickle as the icicle in the sun.他的性格就象阳光下的水柱一样说变就变。Don't read in the sun.不要在阳光下看书。The cat likes to sit in the sun.猫爱晒太阳。The new generation of writers has achieved a place in the sun.新一代的作家已经功成名就。 5、up and down, ups and downs up and down是副词词组（如果其后接有名词，则为介词词组），只有作状语，意为"上上下下地，前前后后地，来回地，到处"。它还可引申为"彻底地，完全地，坦率地"的意义。例如：The float bobbed up and down on the river. 筏子在江面载浮载沉。He thrust his hands into his pockets and walked up and down the office with measured steps.他把双手插在口袋里，迈着方步在办公室里踱来踱去。Where have you been? I have looked for you up and down for nearly half an hour.你刚才到哪里去了？我到处找你差不多有半个钟头了。Here is his hometown which he knows up and down.这儿是他十分熟悉的家乡。 ups and downs是名词词组，可用作主语和宾语，其前可加限定词my, your, the, this等。它的本意是指"高低，起伏"的意思，但它常用作喻意，表示"盛衰，成败，苦乐，好坏"等意思。例如：Life is full of ups and downs.人生充满苦和乐。The family suffers those ups and downs to which the great houses of Scotland have been ever liable.这个家庭遭遇的兴衰，是苏格兰许多大家族难以避免的。The fluctuations of market prices, their deviations from values, their ups and downs paralyze and compensate each other.市场价格的上下波动，市场价格的背离价值，市场价格的涨落都是相互抵消和互相补偿的。 6、useful for, useful to 这是两个形容词词组，通常用作动词be或become的表语或后置定语，都表示"对...有用的"的意思，但在用法上有所区别。 useful for中的for表示目的或用途，其后通常接动名词或事物名词。例如：These books are useful for writing.这些书对写作很有用。Those old dusters will become useful for polishing the car. 那些旧掸子来掸汽车上的灰倒挺合用的。 useful to中的to表示对象，其后接表示人的名词或代词。useful for 有时也可接人的名词表示对象，这时两者可以换用。例如：Your suggestions have been most useful to us.你的建议对我们极有用处。This grammar book is particularly useful for foreign students.这本语法书对外国学生尤为有用。 7、up, down up和down既是介词，又是副词，它们除了可分别表示"向上"和"向下"外，还有其他的意义。 1). up和down都可表示"沿着"，相当于along；或表示"在远端"，相当于at the far end of。例如：They are walking up/ down the street hand in hand.他们手牵手沿着街漫步。 Can you see the post office up/ down the road?你能不能看到这条路末端的邮电局？ 2). up还常用来表示向高处，向重要的地方，向北方，向城市，向安静的住宅区及大学等。down则常用来表示向低处，向次要的地方，向南方，向乡村，向热闹的商业区及离开大学等。例如：He is flying up to Beijing from Nanchang.（指向重要的地方。）They went down to the countryside.（指向乡村。）I wouldn't consider going up north this summer.（指向北方。）She went down town to do some shopping.（指向商业区。）My son will go up to the university next year.（指向大学。）
in repair表示某物处在一种"维修良好"的状态之中，常用in good repair,其反义语为in bad repair或out of repair（失修）。例如：They always keep the road in repair.他们总是把公路保养得很好。The pagoda that was built four hundred years ago, is still in (good) repair.那座四百年前建造的塔现在还完好无损。 4、under the sun, in the sun under the sun亦可解作beneath the sun。它是个习语，决不可译作"在太阳下"。它有两个意思和用法：1.表示地点，意为"在世界上，任何地方"；2.用于加强语气，常放在疑问词之后，意为"到底，究竟"，等于on the earth。例如：The President's assassination shocked everyone under the sun.总统遇刺，全世界都为之震惊。In his opinion, California has the best climate under the sun.依他看来，世界上要数加利福尼亚的气候最好。What under the sun did he do it for?他做那件事到底是为了什么？ in the sun是"在太阳光下"的意思，指某人或某物处在太阳光的照耀下或之中，因此，它可引申为"晒太阳"，还可转义为"显要的，有利的"的意思，因为太阳光耀眼夺目并有益于人类。例如：His character is as fickle as the icicle in the sun.他的性格就象阳光下的水柱一样说变就变。Don't read in the sun.不要在阳光下看书。The cat likes to sit in the sun.猫爱晒太阳。The new generation of writers has achieved a place in the sun.新一代的作家已经功成名就。 5、up and down, ups and downs up and down是副词词组（如果其后接有名词，则为介词词组），只有作状语，意为"上上下下地，前前后后地，来回地，到处"。它还可引申为"彻底地，完全地，坦率地"的意义。例如：The float bobbed up and down on the river. 筏子在江面载浮载沉。He thrust his hands into his pockets and walked up and down the office with measured steps.他把双手插在口袋里，迈着方步在办公室里踱来踱去。Where have you been? I have looked for you up and down for nearly half an hour.你刚才到哪里去了？我到处找你差不多有半个钟头了。Here is his hometown which he knows up and down.这儿是他十分熟悉的家乡。 ups and downs是名词词组，可用作主语和宾语，其前可加限定词my, your, the, this等。它的本意是指"高低，起伏"的意思，但它常用作喻意，表示"盛衰，成败，苦乐，好坏"等意思。例如：Life is full of ups and downs.人生充满苦和乐。The family suffers those ups and downs to which the great houses of Scotland have been ever liable.这个家庭遭遇的兴衰，是苏格兰许多大家族难以避免的。The fluctuations of market prices, their deviations from values, their ups and downs paralyze and compensate each other.市场价格的上下波动，市场价格的背离价值，市场价格的涨落都是相互抵消和互相补偿的。 6、useful for, useful to 这是两个形容词词组，通常用作动词be或become的表语或后置定语，都表示"对...有用的"的意思，但在用法上有所区别。 useful for中的for表示目的或用途，其后通常接动名词或事物名词。例如：These books are useful for writing.这些书对写作很有用。Those old dusters will become useful for polishing the car. 那些旧掸子来掸汽车上的灰倒挺合用的。 useful to中的to表示对象，其后接表示人的名词或代词。useful for 有时也可接人的名词表示对象，这时两者可以换用。例如：Your suggestions have been most useful to us.你的建议对我们极有用处。This grammar book is particularly useful for foreign students.这本语法书对外国学生尤为有用。 7、up, down up和down既是介词，又是副词，它们除了可分别表示"向上"和"向下"外，还有其他的意义。 1). up和down都可表示"沿着"，相当于along；或表示"在远端"，相当于at the far end of。例如：They are walking up/ down the street hand in hand.他们手牵手沿着街漫步。 Can you see the post office up/ down the road?你能不能看到这条路末端的邮电局？ 2). up还常用来表示向高处，向重要的地方，向北方，向城市，向安静的住宅区及大学等。down则常用来表示向低处，向次要的地方，向南方，向乡村，向热闹的商业区及离开大学等。例如：He is flying up to Beijing from Nanchang.（指向重要的地方。）They went down to the countryside.（指向乡村。）I wouldn't consider going up north this summer.（指向北方。）She went down town to do some shopping.（指向商业区。）My son will go up to the university next year.（指向大学。）
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