2014年职称英语(卫生类)教材概括大意文章及练习(8)

　　Lung Cancer
　　1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.
　　2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers —21 to 30 cigarettes per day —the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.
　　3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation1 from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained2. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.3
　　4. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma4, so-called because the malignancy originates in5 a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off6 the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes7 of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have had time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.
　　5. Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland8 and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.
　　词汇：
　　blameworthy 该受责备的 bronchus.支气管
　　irritant刺激物;adj.有刺激性的 smog烟雾
　　secretion .分泌(作用);分泌物 fume (浓烈或难闻的)烟;气
　　pneumonia .肺炎 correlation 相关,关联
　　abscess 脓肿 mortality 死亡率
　　pneumonectomy 肺切除术 tuberculosis 结核病
　　malignant 恶性的,有害的
　　注释：
　　1.exposure to radiation:接触放射线
　　2.if any possibility of cure is to be maintained:如果想要保持治愈的可能性的话。这里的is是情态动词,与不定式连用(be to do sth.)表示“想要、打算、约定、职责、义务”等意思。
　　3.Modern X-ray machines... to be completely removed.合格的技师操作现代的X光机所产生的危险微乎其微(至少对年龄超过40岁的人来说如此)，相对于它能尽早发现一个较小的、能被彻底切除的肿瘤这个优点来说,这点危险可以忽略不计。此句中运用了such... that...这样的呼应关系，that引导的从句为程度状语从句。offset意为“补偿,抵消”。
　　4.bronchogenic carcinoma：支气管癌。carcinoma指上皮细胞所形成的恶性肿瘤，sarcoma指非上皮细胞所形成的恶性肿瘤,而所有恶性肿瘤都可称cancer或malignancy 。
　　5.originate in/from:起源于,发生于
　　6.cut off:切断
　　7.the lymph node:淋巴结
　　8.the prostate gland:前列腺
　　练习:
　　1.Paragraph l __________
　　2.Paragraph 2 __________
　　3.Paragraph 3 __________
　　4.Paragraph 4 __________
　　A Common Secondary Lung Cancers
　　B The Advantages Brought about by Routine Chest Checkup
　　C Relationship Between Mortality Rate from Lung Cancer and Smoking Habits
　　D Operable and Inoperable Lung Cancers
　　E The Increasing Death Rate from Lung Cancer and Possible Causes
　　F An Ordinary Type of Lung Cancer
　　5.Routine X-ray chest examination is not so dangerous __________.
　　6.A primary lung cancer patient may be cured by removing the lung completely __________.
　　7.People are still not sure __________.
　　8.The more cigarettes one smokes, __________.
　　A before the cancer cells spread elsewhere
　　B the more chances of dying of X-ray radiation he will have
　　C what is most responsible for lung cancer
　　D as some people imagine
　　E the more chances of getting lung cancer he will have
　　F which form of lung cancer is a common one