2008年12月大学英语四级考试模拟题(6)

　　Part I
　　Writing
　　(30 minutes)
　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic“studying Abroad”. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
　　1. 近几年来越来越多的学生选择出国留学；
　　2. 出国留学的好处；
　　3. 你的看法。
　　Part II
　　Reading Comprehension ( Skimming and Scanning )
　　(15 minutes)
　　Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly.
　　For questions 1-7, mark
　　Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage.
　　N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage.
　　NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
　　For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
　　Tipping Etiquette
　　Tipping has been around for hundreds of years. A tip, or gratuity, is defined as a gift of money given to someone for performing a service, over and above the payment due for the service. Tips are not required, but they are expected by many people in the service industry. In fact, many U.S. waiters and waitresses are paid less than the minimum wage, as tips are expected to make up the other part of their income. The amounts and percentages suggested below should be used as a general guideline only. If service is poor, give a smaller tip or none at all. If service is superior, feel free to be more generous with your gratuity.
　　In fine-dining establishments, there are a number of people to tip. Servers expect 15%—20% of the pre-tax amount of the bill. If a number of bottles of wine are ordered during the course of the meal, the prevailing belief is that the wine costs should not be figured into the final tip. Of course, if a wine steward was involved in the selection and serving, he or she should be tipped 15% of the wine bill. A waiter or waitress should be taken care of, too, as that person can help to make your dining experience a favorable one. A twenty-dollar tip is a good place to start and will help to establish a relationship between the two of you. This can work in your favor when the time comes to entertain the important people in your life and career. Barmen should receive 15% of the bar bill, give the coat room attendant $1.00 per coat, and pass along $1.00 to the hotel parker.
　　Tips also need to be given to certain people in the transportation industry. If you check your luggage at the curbside near the airport, tip your skycap (机场搬运工) a minimum of $1.00 per bag. Airport wheelchair pushers appreciate a few dollars for their efforts. Taxi drivers should be tipped 15% of the fare. Many cities around the world have established a rider’s bill of rights, which tells riders they have the right to enjoy, for example, air conditioning on command, a radio-free ride, smoke-free air, and a clean seat. Riders are encouraged not to tip if the rights are not complied with.
　　Hairstylists at beauty salons and barbershops should be tipped 15% of the bill and those who shampoo your hair get $1.00 to $2.00. If more than one person provides services, for example one doing color and another cutting your hair, tip each person 10%—15% of their portion of the bill. Manicurists (指甲美容师) should receive no less than $1.00 or 15% of the bill.
　　At hotels, give the waiter $5.00 to $10.00 for bringing your luggage to your room. If you order room service, tips are usually included in the tab and range from 15% to 18% of the bill. Chambermaids appreciate $2.00 to $5.00 each day for taking care of your room. Give the doorman at least $1.00 for helping to call a taxi, and in terrible weather, give a little more. No tip is necessary for the doorman who takes care of a simple task, such as dinner reservations or a shuttle bus booking. For more complicated services, $10 to $20 is appropriate.
　　There are some basic guidelines on tipping etiquette:
　　Time Your Tipping
　　Sometimes the tipping can be a reward, while sometimes it could be a subtle bribe. If you are using the service of one person repeatedly throughout your trip (say, a doorman) feel free to tip all at once at the end of your stay. If, however, you would like to ensure special service throughout your stay (say, from the doorman), a larger tip up front is a good idea.
　　Keep Bills Handy for Tipping
　　Keep several one-dollar bills handy in an accessible pocket. You don’t want to be searching for them when you’re taking luggage. Keep the bills neatly folded in groups of one or two bills.
　　Don’t Ask for Change
　　According to tipping etiquette, it creates a very awkward situation to ask for change from the person you are tipping. If for some reason you don’t have a tip ready, it’s better to skip it, particularly if you can get change from somewhere else and return with your tip at some point in the future.
　　Know Your Tipping Tendencies
　　Be aware of your own unconscious tipping tendencies. Studies show women tend to tip men more generously (and men tip women better). Tipping goes up universally when the weather is good, lower when it is not. Attractive women earn higher tips, as do attentive men who don’t make mistakes.
　　Know the Tipping Policy
　　Increasingly, high-end hotels are instituting “no tipping policies” that include gratuities in the price of the room. Some, particularly resorts, are charging a daily fee that covers all gratuities. However, if you sign up for outside excursions or tours (even those that don’t cost extra), chances are the drivers and /or the tour guides will expect tips. Ask about it when you book.
　　Bed and Breakfast Tipping Etiquette
　　In general, tipping etiquette dictates that business owners are not given tips. Most B&Bs fall under that category, and indeed, most have “no tipping policies” in place. If you are in doubt, ask about their tipping policy when you book your room. (If the housekeeping staff is not part of the family, do tip them as you would in a hotel.)
　　Don’t feel obligated to give a tip if the service given is bad. On the other hand, consider giving a larger tip for those who go out of their way to provide personalized or standout service. Although it is not required, tipping etiquette says that unless service is severely lacking in some way, do give a tip of some sort (or at least a smile and a thank you). Tipping etiquette varies worldwide. These tipping guidelines are for the United States only. Expectations (and tipping amounts) can vary quite a bit from country to country. Check a travel guide for the particular country you will be visiting for the proper tipping etiquette. Now that you know the secrets behind tipping etiquette, check the Hotel Tipping Guide for whom to tip at a hotel (and how much to tip them).
　　1. Tips are not only required but also expected by the people in the service industry.
　　2. If people order a number of bottles of wine during the course of the meal, the final tip should exclude the wine costs.
　　3. In some cities, taxi drivers must comply with riders’ requirements, or they’re likely not to get tips.
　　4. Every person who provides services at beauty salons and barbershops will be tipped 15% of the bill.
　　5. At hotels, the appreciated tip is 10% to 20% of the bill for more complicated services.
　　6. Sometimes tipping can be a bribe. If you want to get special service, you can tip ahead.
　　7. People tend to give more tips when the weather is good because people are in a better mood in good weather.
　　8. Now, more and more higher-end hotels are instituting ________ in which tips are included in the price of the room.
　　9. Consider _____ for those who provide you with personalized or impressive service.
　　10. Before you go to a country, you can check a travel guide for _____.