多动症孩子应该食物治疗还是药物治疗？

GUY RAZ, host: ADHD - or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (注意力不足过动症，多动症) - is said to affect up to 10 percent of American children, and almost 3 million of those kids take medication to control it.
But Dutch researcher Lidy Pelsser says as many as two-thirds of those kids may not need medicine at all. It's a conclusion she recently published in the British medical journal Lancet. And Pelsser, who runs the ADHD Research Centre in the Netherlands, argues that in many cases, behaviors usually associated with ADHD can be controlled by changes in diet.

Dr. LIDY PELSSER (ADHD Research Centre): ADHD, it's just a couple of symptoms; it's not a disease. We should look for the cause of it. Like in eczema(湿疹), the skin is affected. But a lot of people get eczema because of a latex allergy(乳胶过敏), or because they are eating a pineapple or strawberries.
And I think there is a paradigm shift(思考模式的转变) needed. If a child is diagnosed ADHD, we should say OK, we have got those symptoms; now, let's start looking for the cause.

RAZ: The majority of children who are diagnosed ADHD are given medication, but you believe that this research suggests that many of those children may not need it, that they may simply need to alter their diets.

Dr. PELSSER: Well, what we know now is that in 64 percent of children with ADHD, ADHD is caused by food. It's a hypersensitivity (极度敏感，过敏症) reaction to food. So then, there is 36 percent left. In those children, we could start - research for dyslexia(阅读障碍), for highly talented , or maybe children who are not so talented and who have to do too much in school and just don't manage to do it, and they are getting distracted, too, and they start fidgeting(坐立不安), too.

RAZ: Now, you're not saying that some children with ADHD should not be given medication, right? I mean, you're saying that even...

Dr. PELSSER: No.

RAZ: ...with your research, some kids will still need medication.

Dr. PELSSER: Yes. I think in all children, we should start with a diet research. And if that is not successful, if behavior doesn't - changes, well then we do need drugs. Of course, we do need them. But now, we are giving them all drugs, and I think that's a huge mistake.

RAZ: Explain how you tested the children. What did you feed them, for example?

Dr. PELSSER: In fact, we started with a very elaborate diet . And after two weeks, we made an inventory (详细目录) of the problems. If the problems still were there, we started to restrict the diet until we came to that few food diet - with only rice, turkey, pear and lettuce - and water.

RAZ: And we can know - or you say that your research shows that it only takes about five weeks to determine whether...

Dr. PELSSER: Yes, five weeks of diet. Parents should not start a diet for a year or so. It's only five weeks to find out whether diet is the cause.

RAZ: Right.

Dr. PELSSER: And if it isn't, that child can have drugs, of course. And if it is the diet, then we start to find out which foods are causing the problems.

RAZ: Right. But how would a parent listening now go about trying this? I mean, what should they do? You know, should they go talk to the doctors?

Dr. PELSSER: Well, we have got the good news that food is the main cause of ADHD. We've got the bad news that we have to train physicians to monitor this procedure because it cannot be done by a physician who is not trained.

RAZ: Now, did you hear from any of the schoolteachers of these kids, or even the physicians who describe changes in behavior?

Dr. PELSSER: Well, in fact, they were flabbergasted(大吃一惊). After the diet, they were just normal children with normal behavior. They were no more easily distracted. They were no more forgetful. There were no more temper tantrums(耍小孩子脾气). Some teachers saying that they never thought it would work - it was so strange that a diet would change the behavior of a child as thoroughly as they saw it. It was a miracle, a teacher said.

RAZ: That's Lidy Pessler. She's from the ADHD Research Center in Eindhoven, in the Netherlands. She led a study that links diet to ADHD. It was published in the latest issue of the journal Lancet. Dr. Pessler, thank you so much.

Ms. PESSLER: I was glad to join you.