定语从句之专题二：that引导定语从句（系统讲解内在原理）

定语从句之专题二

that引导定语从句（系统讲解内在原理）

（本文节选自高伟《魔方英语语法》第十一章第四节。已经登记版权，请勿用于商业用途。）

（原文标题：定语从句的引导词that的代替和省略）

因为引导词对先行词的复指（重复指定），所以，定语从句的引导词有时可以代替或省略。（注意，因为名从和状从没有先行词，所以，名从和状从的引导词不能代替或省略。）。如，

●The school which/that/Ø he once studied in is very famous.（由于which复指先行词the school，所以，有时可以代替为that，也可以省略。）

下文中，1/2/3/4讲代替，5/6讲that省略。

1/2/3/4讲代替

that本身就是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的，同时也就出现了that与who(m)/which的对比问题。

5/6讲省略

that作连词时可以省略的情况，和，that作代词时可以省略的情况

 下边依次讲解。

 1.that本身是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。前边讲过，关系代词一般是由疑问代词变来的。但是，that并不是疑问代词，为何也能引导定语从句呢？这是因为，that本身就是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。

例句（that代替who(m)/which）

●The man ____you met just now is my old friend.  

 （填who(m)/that/∅。who/that指人。作宾语时可以省略。）

●The man ____is walking on the playground is my old friend. 

（填who/that。who/that指人。作主语时不能省略。）

●Take the book ____is lying on the table. 

（填which/that。which/that指物。）

●Do you know the things and persons____they are talking about？

（先行词既有人又有物时，用that。因为that可以指人/物，用一个就可以代替。）

2. that/who(m)/which用法比较表，见下表： 

情况 \ 引导词

who(m)指人

which指物

that指人/物

①当先行词被强势指定时

×

×

that(人/物)

②当先行词是不定代词时

who(m)

×

that(人/物)

③当主句是there be时

who(m)

×

that(人/物)

④当引导词作表语时

×

which (人/物)

that(人/物)

⑤是否能直接作介词的宾语

whom

which

×

⑥是否能引导非限制性定语从句

who(m)

which

×

 下边举例说明。

各种情况下的先行词

举例

①先行词被强势指定时，宜用that。如，the+最高级+n.；序数词+n.；the only/very/same/last+n.

This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.

This is the first American film that I have ever seen.

This is the only thing that we can do.

②先行词是指物的不定代词时，宜用that。如，something/anything等；all/few等（+指物名词）。

I want to buy something that will make me look younger.

He was talking with somebody who(m)/that I didn’t know.

先行词是指人的不定代词时，宜用who(m)/that。如，somebody/anybody等；all/few等（+指人名词）。

All the people who/that present burst into tears.

You should hand in all (the things) that you have.

All the books, which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.（有all但非限定，则用which。）

③主句是there be句型时，先行词指人用who(m)/that，先行词指物用that。

There’re some people who/that have holidays in Hainan.

There is a seat in the corner that is still available.

④引导词在从句中作指人表语时，要用that或which，不能用who(m)。

He is not the man that he was.（用that作指人表语）

The policeman was completely trusted, which in fact he was.（在非限制性定从中，用which作指人表语。）

注：⑤的例句见第四节.六.6。⑥的例句见第五节.一。