不定式的句法功能归纳
三、不定式做宾语补足语
不定式做宾语的补足语须从三个方面来掌握。
(1) 动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时,不定式的to不能省略。这样的动词有:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long for。如:
The teacher advised us to learn through experiment. 老师劝我们通过实验来学习。
They didn’t allow us to enter the hall. 他们不允许我们进入大厅。
(2) 动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时,不定式的to须省略。这样的动词有:have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe ,但它们变为被动语态时,不定式的to不能省略。如
The boss made the workers work over ten hours a day in the past. — The workers were made to work over ten hours a day by the boss. 过去老板使工人们每天工作十多个小时。
I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike. —Li Lei was seen to fall down from his bike. 我看见李蕾从单车上摔了下来。
(3) 动词help接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时,不定式的to可省略也可不省略。如:
He often comes to help us (to) do some farming work. 他经常来帮我们干农活。
四、不定式做表语
(1) 不定式短语可用来做系动词的表语。如:
My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein. 我的希望就是做一个像爱因斯坦那样的科学家。
My job is to teach English. 我的工作就是教英语。
(2) 不定式做表语时须注意两点(from www.hxen.net):
A. 一般说来,不定式前面的to不能省略,但当主语部分含有动词do时,to须省略。如:
What I want is to visit the History Museum now. 我所想的就是现在去参观历史博物馆。
What he wants to do is go swimming in that river. 他想做的事就是去河里游泳。
B. 不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,表示主语的责任、义务或将来的行为;当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时,不定式是表语,表示主语的内容或性质。如:
We are to keep the order in the street. 我们将去街上维持秩序。(将来时)
Our job is to keep the order in the street. 我们的工作是维持街上的秩序。(系表结构)
五、不定式做定语
(1) 不定式做定语时,一般放在所修饰的名词、代词之后,表示即将发生的动作。如:
We have much work to do. 我们有很多事情要做。
I have a letter to answer. 我有一封信要回复。
(2) 不定式做定语时,中心词与不定式的关系:
A. 主谓关系,即:中心词是不定式的逻辑主语。如:
Li Lei was the first student to come into the classroom this morning. 今天早晨李蕾是第一个进教室的学生。
Liu Ying was the very girl to meet you. 刘英正是来接你的那个女孩子。
B. 动宾关系,即:中心词是不定式的逻辑宾语。如:
Do you have anything to do now? 你现在有事情要做吗?
I have some clothes to wash. 我有些衣服要洗(from www.hxen.net)。
当不定式与所修饰的中心词有动宾关系时,不定式中的动词须为及物动词,若是不及物动词,不定式后须加上适当的介词。如:
Go ahead, please. I have a friend to wait for here. 请先走吧,我还有个朋友要在这儿等。
C. 说明关系,即:不定式是中心词的内容。如:
I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird. 我做了一个像鸟儿在天上飞的梦
I have a wish to go to college. 我有一个上大学的愿望。
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