中考英语语法完全突破——定语从句

考点2  考查关系代词的省略问题

在通常情况下，关系代词是不能省略的。但有一种例句，就是当关系代词作宾语时，它可以省略（不管是指人还是指物）。如：

Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗?

Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?

但是，当关系代词在定语从句中用作主语时，是绝不能省略的。如：

他就是住在隔壁的那个人。

误：He is the man lives next door.

正：He is the man who lives next door.

另外，即使是用作宾语，如果是紧跟在介词后也不能省略。如：

这就是他向他们说过的那所房子。

误：It was the house about he had told them.

正：It was the house about which he had told them.

【考例1】This is the novel ________ is written by Guo Jingming. (山东德州中考题)

A. who                  B. what                  C. that                    D. 不填

【分析】答案选C。由于what不是关系代词，不能引导定语从句，故可排除B；又由于先行词novel指物，所以不能选指人的who，故可排除A；又因为关系代词在定语从句中用作主语，所以不能省略，故可排除D。

【考例2】The skirt ________ is made of silk is very expensive. I can’t afford it. (湖北孝感中考题)

A. what                 B. 不填                  C. that                    D. it  (www.hxen.net)

【分析】答案选C。由于what和it不能用作关系代词，不能引导定语从句，所以排除A和D；又因为关系代词在定语从句中用作主语，所以不能省略，故选C。

考点3  考查关系代词that与which的区别

两者均可用于指物，通常可互换。如：

That is the house that [which] we built. 这就是我们盖的房子。

She was not in the train which [that] arrived just now. 她不在刚到的那列火车上。

但是，that可以指人，而which不能指人。如：

Who is the man that you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?

She is the girl that you saw in school. 她就是你在学校见到的那个女孩。

另外，在以下情况，通常用that引导定语从句：

1. 当先行词是every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等不定代词或受其修饰时。如：

Take anything that you want. 你想要什么，就拿什么。

Everything that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。

2. 当先行词受the very, the only, the same 等修饰时。如：

This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。

This is the very watch that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天不见了的表。

3. 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时。如：

It was the largest map that I ever saw. 那是我所看见过的最大的地图。

This is the best picture that he has ever painted. 这是他所画的画当中最好的一幅。

4. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。如：

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。

【考例】I’ve found some pictures of the most interesting places ________ you can visit during the winter holidays. (山东烟台中考题)

A. where               B. which                C. what                  D. that

【分析】答案选D。由于what不是关系代词，不能引导定语从句，所以排除C；通过分析定语从句的句子结构可知，该定语从句的谓语动词visit缺宾语，由此可排除关系副词where（因为关系副词只能用作状语）；另外，由于先行词受到最高级的修饰，故应选关系代词that，而不选which。