构词法知识在语法填空题中的四类考点

构词法知识在语法填空题中的四类考点

英语的构词法有转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法等多种，最常用的只有转化法、派生法、合成法三种，但联系到高考英语的实战运用，其中最重要的可能是派生法。本文拟就派生法在高考英语语法填空中的考查重点作一归纳。

一、考查派生副词的用法

【真题再现】

1. The river was so polluted that it ________ (actual) caught fire and burned. (2014课标卷I)

2. And the passengers ________ (sudden) became friendly to one another. (2014课标卷II)

3. Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and ______ (soft). (2014辽宁卷)

【考点分析】英语有不少副词是通过在词根形容词后面加上后缀-ly派生来的，这是近年来高考英语语法填空的一个考查重点。以上三题的答案分别为actually, suddenly, softly。此处之所以要用副词形式，是因为它们均在句子中用作状语。

【即时训练】

1. I’m sure they won’t think ________ (bad) of you if you tell them you need some help.

2. She chattered away ________ (happy) until she noticed I wasn’t listening.

3. Calculators let you do calculations fast and ________ (accurate).

4. We were afraid he would be nervous on stage, but in the event he performed ________ (beautiful).

5. Sixty percent of voters said they would ________ (willing) pay higher taxes for better health care.

参考答案：1. badly  2. happily  3. accurately  4. beautifully  5. willingly

二、考查派生形容词的用法

【真题再现】

1. I cannot control my body well. My legs become ________ (pain). (2014辽宁卷)

2. I mastered the skills of that beginning level position and I was given the opportunity (机会) to move up through the company into ________ (differ) positions. (2014考纲样卷)

【考点分析】构成派生形容词的常见后缀有-ful, -less, -able, -ous, -ish, -al, -ive, -ent 等。到底该用什么后缀来构成形容词，不同的词根有不同的搭配要求，即使是同一词根有时也可以搭配多个后缀，但它们的意思并不相同，如pain既可以加后缀-ful构成形容词painful，也可以加后缀-less构成形容词painless，但两者的意思不同（前者表示“疼痛的”，后者表示“无痛的”）。本题根据句意，上面两句的答案分别为painful和different。

【即时训练】

1. Students gain ________ (use) knowledge by taking a computer course.

2. She wore a ________ (color) dress with red and orange flowers on it.

3. Thousands of people were killed and many more left ________ (home) by the earthquake.

4. I couldn’t answer the teacher’s question, and this made me feel ________ (fool).

5. The doctor finally got through to him that smoking was ________ (danger) for his health.

参考答案：1. useful  2. colorful  3. homeless  4. foolish  5. dangerous

三、考查派生名词的用法

【真题再现】

1. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is ________ (clean) than ever. (2014课标卷I)

2. Over the years I’ve come to realize how much of my success I owe to my ________ (accept) of those words as one of my values. (2014考纲样题)

【考点分析】构成派生名词比较重要的后缀有-er, -or, -tion, -sion, -ist, -ism, -ment, -ness, -ship, -age, -hood, -ity 等。同学们做题时，除了根据句子结构确定所填之词用名词形式外，还要考虑该名词是用单数形式还是用复数形式，以及是否用所有格等。根据句意，上面两句的答案分别是cleaner和acceptance。

【即时训练】

1. ________ (read) of that magazine are interested in sports.

2. All the ________ (act) names were listed in the program.

3. There is a close ________ (relation) between poverty and crime.

4. Failure to reach an ________ (agree) will result in a strike.

5. Most ________ (art) find it almost impossible to make a living from art alone.

参考答案：1. Readers  2. actors’  3. relationship  4. agreement  5. artists

四、考查分词形容词的用法

【真题再现】

While there are________ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. (2014课标卷I)

There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint). (2014课标卷II)

【考点分析】动词的分词形式派生为形容词主要是指由现在分词和过去分词转化来的形容词。注意这不仅包括规则变化的分词形容词（即所谓的-ing形容词和-ed形容词），也包括不规则变化的分词形容词，如gone, known, broken 等。根据句意，上面两句的答案分别为amazing和disappointed。

【即时训练】

1. The days are ________ (go) when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.

2. We want to get ________ (marry) and start a family and all. But that takes money.

3. He tried to explain what had happened in ________ (break) English.

4. It was an ________ (excite) moment for these football fans this year, when for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.

5. With no one to turn to in such a ________ (frighten) situation, she felt very helpless.

参考答案：1. gone  2. married  3. broken  4. exciting  5. frightening