besides, but, except, except for, but for的用法及区别
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,在说明情况后作细节上的修正,有时含有惋惜之意。如:
She eats everything except fish. 她什么都吃,但不包括鱼。
Everyone except me got an invitation. 除了我以外,所有人都收到了请柬。
He works every day, except Saturday and Sunday. 除了星期六和星期日之外,他每天都工作。
We had a pleasant time, except for the weather. 我们玩得很高兴,只是天气不太好。
It’s a nice pub, except for the landlord. 酒店挺不错,可是那店主却不怎么样。
当用于all, every, no, everything, anybody, nobody, nowhere, whole等表示概括性的词语后面时,两者可互换。如:
You couldn’t hear anything except (for) the noise of Louise typing. 除了路易丝打字的声音外,你什么也听不到。
但是下面一句要用except for,因为其前没有上面提到的概括性的词语:
The house was quiet except for the noise of Louise typing. 除了路易丝打字的声音外,房里安安静静的。
注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。
四、except for 与 but for:
except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如:
Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。
But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。
传统语法认为,except for不用于引导虚拟语气,但在现代英语中也可以这样用。如:
Except for John, they would all have died. 要不是因为约翰,他们就都会死了。
She would have left her husband years ago except for the children. 要不是为了孩子,她几年前就离开她丈夫了。
You’d have a good view of the sea from here except for the block of flats in between. 要不是隔着这座公寓大楼,大海的景色就可以从这里一览无遗。
五、一点补充
besides 除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如:
I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了。
This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。
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